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Angela Merkel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Merkel" redirects here. For other uses, see Merkel (disambiguation).
Angela Merkel
Chancellor o
f Germany
Incumbent
Assumed office
22 November 2005
PresidentHorst Köhler
Christian Wulff
Joachim Gauck
DeputyFranz Müntefering
Frank-Walter Steinmeier
Guido Westerwelle
Philipp Rösler
Preceded byGerhard Schröder
Minister of the Environment
In office
17 November 1994 – 26 October 1998
ChancellorHelmut Kohl
Preceded byKlaus Töpfer
Succeeded byJürgen Trittin
Minister of Women and Youth
In office
18 January 1991 – 17 November 1994
ChancellorHelmut Kohl
Preceded byUrsula Lehr
Succeeded byClaudia Nolte
Member of the Bundestag
for Stralsund-Nordvorpommern-Rügen
Incumbent
Assumed office
2 December 1990
Preceded byConstituency Created
Personal details
BornAngela Dorothea Kasner
17 July 1954 (age 59)
Hamburg, West Germany
Political partyChristian Democratic Union
Spouse(s)Joachim Sauer (1998–present)
Ulrich Merkel (1977–1982)
Alma materUniversity of Leipzig
ReligionLutheranism
Signature
Angela Dorothea Merkel (pronounced [aŋˈɡeːla doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛʁkl̩] ( listen);[1] néeKasner; born 17 July 1954) is a German politician who has been the Chancellor of Germany since 2005, and the leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since 2000. She is the first woman to hold either office.[2]
Having initially trained as a physical chemist, Merkel entered politics in the wake of theRevolutions of 1989, briefly serving as the deputy spokesperson for the East German Government. Following reunification in 1990, she was elected to the Bundestag forStralsund-Nordvorpommern-Rügen in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, a position she has held since. She was later appointed as the Federal Minister for Women and Youthin 1991 under Chancellor Helmut Kohl, being promoted to become Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety in 1994. After the CDU/CSUcoalition was defeated in 1998, she was elected Secretary-General of the CDU, before being elected the party's first ever female Leader in 2000.
Following the 2005 federal election, she was appointed Germany's first female Chancellor at the head of a grand coalition consisting of her own CDU party, its Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU), and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In the 2009 federal election, the CDU obtained the largest share of the vote, and Merkel was able to form a coalition government with the support of the CSU and the Free Democratic Party (FDP).[3]
In 2007, Merkel was President of the European Council and chaired the G8, the second woman (after Margaret Thatcher) to do so. She played a central role in the negotiation of the Treaty of Lisbon and the Berlin Declaration. One of her priorities was also to strengthen transatlantic economic relations by signing the agreement for the Transatlantic Economic Council on 30 April 2007. Merkel is seen as playing a crucial role in managing the financial crisis at the European and international level, and has been referred to as "the decider."[4]In domestic policy, health care reform and problems concerning future energy developmenthave been major issues of her tenure.
Angela Merkel has been described as "the de facto leader of the European Union" and is currently ranked as the world's second most powerful person by the Forbes magazine, the highest ranking ever achieved by a woman.[5][6]

Early life

Merkel was born Angela Dorothea Kasner in Hamburg, West Germany, the daughter ofHorst Kasner (1926–2011),[7][8] native of Berlin, and his wife Herlind, born in 1928 inDanzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) as Herlind Jentzsch, a teacher of English and Latin. Her mother was once a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.[9] Merkel's paternal grandfather Ludwig Kazmierczak was Polish, born in 1896 in Posen (now Poznań, Poland), at that time part of the German Empire. Kazmierczak, a police-officer, moved to Berlin following World War I and changed his name to Kasner in 1930. Merkel still has distant relatives in Poland.[10][11] She has a brother, Marcus (born 7 July 1957) and a sister, Irene (born 19 August 1964).
Merkel's father studied theology in Heidelberg and, afterwards, in Hamburg. In 1954 her father received a pastorate at the church inQuitzow (near Perleberg in Brandenburg), which then was in East Germany, and the family moved to Templin. Thus Merkel grew up in the countryside 80 km (50 mi) north of Berlin. Gerd Langguth, a former senior member of Merkel's Christian Democratic Union, states in his book[12] that the family's ability to travel freely from East to West Germany during the following years, as well as their possession of two automobiles, leads to the conclusion that Merkel's father had a "sympathetic" relationship with the communist regime, since such freedom and perquisites for a Christian pastor and his family would have been otherwise impossible in East Germany.
Like most pupils, Merkel was a member of the official, Socialist-led youth movement Free German Youth (FDJ). However, she did not take part in the secular coming of age ceremony Jugendweihe, which was common in East Germany, and was confirmed instead. Later, at the Academy of Sciences, she became a member of the FDJ district board and secretary for "Agitprop" (Agitation and Propaganda). Merkel herself claimed that she was secretary for culture. When Merkel's onetime FDJ district chairman contradicted her, she insisted that: "According to my memory, I was secretary for culture. But what do I know? I believe I won't know anything when I'm 80."[13] Merkel's progress in the compulsory Marxism-Leninism course was graded only genügend (sufficient, passing grade) in 1983 and 1986.[14]
At school, she learned to speak Russian fluently, and was awarded prizes for her proficiency in Russian and Mathematics.[15] Merkel was educated in Templin and at the University of Leipzig, where she studied physics from 1973 to 1978. While a student, she participated in the reconstruction of the ruin of the Moritzbastei, a project students initiated to create their own club and recreation facility on campus. Such an initiative was unprecedented in the GDR of that period, and initially resisted by the University of Leipzig. However, with backing of the local leadership of the SED party, the project was allowed to proceed.[16] Merkel worked and studied at the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin-Adlershof from 1978 to 1990. After being awarded adoctorate (Dr. rer. nat.) for her thesis on quantum chemistry,[17] she worked as a researcher and published several papers.
In 1989, Merkel got involved in the growing democracy movement after the fall of the Berlin Wall, joining the new party Democratic Awakening. Following the first (and only) multi-party election of the East German state, she became the deputy spokesperson of the new pre-unification caretaker government under Lothar de Maizière.[18]

Member of Bundestag and cabinet minister

At the first post-reunification general election in December 1990, she was elected to the Bundestag from the constituency Stralsund – Nordvorpommern – Rügen, which is coextensive with the district of Vorpommern-Rügen. This has remained her electoral district until today. Her party merged with the west German CDU[19] and she became Minister for Women and Youth in Helmut Kohl's 3rd cabinet. In 1994, she was made Minister for the Environment and Nuclear Safety, which gave her greater political visibility and a platform on which to build her political career. As one of Kohl's protégées and his youngest cabinet minister, she was referred to by Kohl as "mein Mädchen" ("my girl").[20]

Leader of the opposition


Merkel as deputy government spokesperson together with Lothar de Maizière, August 1990
When the Kohl government was defeated in the 1998 general election, Merkel was named Secretary-General of the CDU. In this position, Merkel oversaw a string of Christian Democrat election victories in six out of seven state elections in 1999 alone, breaking the SPD-Green coalition's hold on the Bundesrat, the legislative body representing the states. Following a party financing scandal, which compromised many leading figures of the CDU (most notably Kohl himself, who refused to reveal the donor of DM 2,000,000 claiming he had given his word of honour, and the then party chairman Wolfgang Schäuble, Kohl's hand-picked successor, who wasn't cooperative either), Merkel criticised her former mentor, Kohl, and advocated a fresh start for the party without him. She was elected to replace Schäuble, becoming the first female chair of her party, on 10 April 2000. Her election surprised many observers, as her personality offered a contrast to the party she had been chosen to lead; Merkel is a Protestant, originating from predominantly Protestant northern Germany, while the CDU is a male-dominated, socially conservative party with strongholds in western and southern Germany, and the Bavarian sister party, the CSU, has deep Catholic roots.
Following Merkel's election as CDU leader, she enjoyed considerable popularity among the German population and was favoured by many Germans to become Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's challenger in the 2002 election. However, she did not receive enough support in her own party and particularly its sister party (the Bavarian Christian Social Union, or CSU), and was subsequently outmanoeuvred politically by CSU leader Edmund Stoiber, to whom she eventually ceded the privilege of challenging Schröder; however, he squandered a large lead in the opinion polls to lose the election by a razor-thin margin. After Stoiber's defeat in 2002, in addition to her role as CDU chairwoman, Merkel became leader of the conservative opposition in the lower house of the German parliament, the Bundestag. Her rival, Friedrich Merz, who had held the post of parliamentary leader prior to the 2002 election, was eased out to make way for Merkel.[citation needed]
Merkel supported a substantial reform agenda concerning Germany's economic and social system and was considered to be more pro-market than her own party (the CDU); she advocated changes to German labour law, specifically removing barriers to laying off employees and increasing the allowed number of work hours in a week, arguing that existing laws made the country less competitive because companies cannot easily control labour costs at times when business is slow.[21]
Merkel argued for Germany's nuclear power to be phased out less quickly than the Schröder administration had planned.[22]
Merkel advocated a strong transatlantic partnership and German-American friendship. In the spring of 2003, defying strong public opposition, Merkel came out in favour of the U.S. invasion of Iraq, describing it as "unavoidable" and accusing Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of anti-Americanism. She criticised the government's support for the accession of Turkey to the European Union and favoured a "privileged partnership" instead. In doing so, she reflected public opinion that grew more hostile toward Turkish membership of the European Union.[23]

Path to election

On 30 May 2005, Merkel won the CDU/CSU nomination as challenger to Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of the SPD in the 2005 national elections. Her party began the campaign with a 21 point lead over the SPD in national opinion polls, although her personal popularity lagged behind that of the incumbent. However, the CDU/CSU campaign suffered[citation needed] when Merkel, having made economic competence central to the CDU's platform, confused gross and net income twice during a televised debate. She regained some momentum after she announced that she would appoint Paul Kirchhof, a former judge at the German Constitutional Court and leading fiscal policy expert, as Minister of Finance.[citation needed]
Merkel and the CDU lost ground after Kirchhof proposed the introduction of a flat tax in Germany, again undermining the party's broad appeal on economic affairs and convincing many voters that the CDU's platform of deregulation was designed to benefit only the rich. This was compounded by Merkel proposing to increase VAT to reduce Germany's deficit and fill the gap in revenue from a flat tax. The SPD were able to increase their support simply by pledging not to introduce flat taxes or increase VAT. Although Merkel's standing recovered after she distanced herself from Kirchhof's proposals, she remained considerably less popular than Schröder, and the CDU's lead was down to 9% on the eve of the election.
On 18 September 2005, Merkel's CDU/CSU and Schröder's SPD went head-to-head in the national elections, with the CDU/CSU winning 35.3% (CDU 27.8%/CSU 7.5%) of the second votes to the SPD's 34.2%. Neither the SPD-Green coalition nor the CDU/CSU and its preferred coalition partners, the Free Democratic Party, held enough seats to form a majority in the Bundestag, and both Schröder and Merkel claimed victory. A grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and SPD faced the challenge that both parties demanded the chancellorship. However, after three weeks of negotiations, the two parties reached a deal whereby Merkel would become Chancellor and the SPD would hold 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet.[24] The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November 2005.[25] Merkel was elected Chancellor by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November 2005, but 51 members of the governing coalition voted against her.[26]
Reports had indicated that the grand coalition would pursue a mix of policies, some of which differ from Merkel's political platform as leader of the opposition and candidate for Chancellor. The coalition's intent was to cut public spending whilst increasing VAT (from 16 to 19%), social insurance contributions and the top rate of income tax.[27]
Merkel had stated that the main aim of her government would be to reduce unemployment, and that it is this issue on which her government will be judged.[28]

Chancellor of Germany

Wikisource has original text related to this article:
On 22 November 2005, Merkel assumed the office of Chancellor of Germany following astalemate election that resulted in a grand coalition with the SPD. She was re-elected in 2009 with a larger majority and was able to form a governing coalition with the FDP.

Foreign policy


President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama in 2009 went to visit German Chancellor Angela Merkel and her husband, professor Joachim Sauer, to Rathaus inBaden-Baden, Germany.

Angela Merkel with President of BrazilDilma Rousseff at the G-20 meeting in 2012, Mexico.
On 25 September 2007, Merkel met the 14th Dalai Lama for "private and informal talks" in Berlin in the Chancellery amid protest fromChina. China afterwards cancelled separate talks with German officials, including talks with Justice Minister Brigitte Zypries.[29]
One of her priorities was to strengthen transatlantic economic relations by signing at the White House the agreement for the Transatlantic Economic Council on 30 April 2007. The Council is co-chaired by an EU and US official, and aims at removing barriers to trade in a further integrated transatlantic free trade area.[30] This project has been described as ultra-liberal by the French left-wing politician Jean-Luc Mélenchon, fearing a transfer of sovereignty from citizens to multinationals and an alignment of the European Union on the American foreign policy and institutions.[31][32]
Der Spiegel reported that tensions between Chancellor Merkel and U.S. President Barack Obama[33] were eased during a meeting between the two leaders in June 2009. Commenting on a White House Press Conference held after the meeting, Spiegel stated, "Of course the rather more reserved chancellor couldn't really keep up with [Obama's]...charm offensive," but to reciprocate for Obama's "good natured" diplomacy, "she gave it a go...by mentioning the experiences of Obama's sister in Heidelberg, making it clear that she had read his autobiography".[34]

Merkel and Vladimir Putin, then Prime Minister of Russia, holding a joint press conference, March 8, 2008.
In 2006 Merkel expressed concern for overreliance on Russian energy, but she received little support from others in Berlin.[35]
Merkel is in favor of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union; but stated in December 2012 that its implementation depends on reforms in Ukraine.[36]

Israel

Merkel has visited Israel four times. On 16 March 2008, Merkel arrived in Israel to mark the 60th anniversary of the Jewish state. She was greeted at the airport by Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, an honor guard and many of the country's political and religious leaders, including most of the Israeli Cabinet.[37] Until then, US President George W. Bush had been the only world leader Olmert had bestowed with the honor of greeting at the airport.[38][39] Merkel spoke before Israel's parliament, the only foreigner who was not a head of state to have done so,[40] although this provoked rumbles of opposition from Israeli MPs on the far right.[41] At the time, Merkel was also both thePresident of the European Council and the chair of the G8. Merkel has supported Israeli diplomatic initiatives, opposing the Palestinian bid for membership at the UN. However, Merkel was offended when settlement building continued beyond the Green Line,[42] and felt personally betrayed by the Israeli government's behavior.[43]

Liquidity crisis

Following major falls in worldwide stock markets in September 2008, the German government stepped in to assist the mortgagecompany Hypo Real Estate with a bailout which was agreed on October 6, with German banks to contribute €30 billion and theBundesbank €20 billion to a credit line.[44]
On 4 October 2008, a Saturday, following the Irish Government's decision to guarantee all deposits in private savings accounts, a move she strongly criticised,[45] Merkel said there were no plans for the German Government to do the same. The following day, Merkel stated that the government would guarantee private savings account deposits, after all.[46] However, two days later, on 6 October 2008, it emerged that the pledge was simply a political move that would not be backed by legislation.[47] Other European governments eventually either raised the limits or promised to guarantee savings in full.[47]

India

Merkel and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh made a ‘Joint Declaration’ emphasising the Indo-German strategic partnership in 2006.[48] It turned the focus of future cooperation onto the fields of energy, science and technology, and defence. A similar Declaration, signed during Merkel’s visit to India in 2007, noted the substantial progress made in Indo-German relations and set ambitious goals for their development in the future.[48] The relationship with India on the basis of cooperation and partnership was further strengthened with Merkel's visit to India in 2011. At the invitation of the Indian government, the two countries held their first intergovernmental consultations in New Delhi. These consultations set a new standard in the implementation of the strategic partnership, as India became only the third non-European country with which Germany has had this nature of comprehensive consultations.[48] India became the first Asian country to hold a joint cabinet meeting with Germany during Merkel's state visit.[49]
The Indian government presented the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding for the year 2009 to Merkel. A statement issued by the Government of India stated that the award “recognises her personal devotion and enormous efforts for sustainable and equitable development, for good governance and understanding and for the creation of a world better positioned to handle the emerging challenges of the 21st century.”[48]

Failure of multiculturalism


Merkel in March 2010, in Unna,Northrhine-Westphalia
In October 2010 Merkel told a meeting of younger members of her conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU) party at Potsdam that attempts to build a multicultural society in Germany had "utterly failed",[50] stating: "The concept that we are now living side by side and are happy about it does not work"[51] and that "we feel attached to the Christian concept of mankind, that is what defines us. Anyone who doesn't accept that is in the wrong place here."[52] She continued to say that immigrants should integrate and adopt Germany's culture and values. This has added to a growing debate within Germany[53] on the levels of immigration, its effect on Germany and the degree to which Muslim immigrants have integrated into German society.

Approval

Midway through her second term, Merkel's approval plummeted in the country, resulting in heavy losses in state elections for her party.[54] A poll in August 2011 found her coalition with only 36% support compared to a rival coalition which had 51%.[55] However, she scored well on her handling of the recent euro crisis (69% rated her performance as good rather than poor), and her approval rating reached an all-time high of 77% in February 2012.[56]

Cabinets

The first cabinet of Angela Merkel was sworn in at 16:00 CET, on 22 November 2005.
On 31 October 2005, after the defeat of his favoured candidate for the position of Secretary General of the SPD, Franz Münteferingindicated that he would resign as Chairman of the party in November, which he did. Ostensibly responding to this, Edmund Stoiber(CSU), who was originally nominated for the Economics and Technology post, announced his withdrawal on 1 November 2005. While this was initially seen as a blow to Merkel's attempt at forming a viable coalition and cabinet, the manner in which Stoiber withdrew earned him much ridicule and severely undermined his position as a Merkel rival. Separate conferences of the CDU, CSU, and SPD approved the proposed Cabinet on 14 November 2005
The second cabinet of Angela Merkel was sworn in on 28 October 2009.[57]

Personal life

In 1977, Angela Kasner married physics student Ulrich Merkel, thus changing her name. The marriage ended in divorce in 1982.[58] Her second and current husband is quantum chemist and professor Joachim Sauer, who has largely remained out of the media spotlight. They first met in 1981,[59] became a couple later and married privately on 30 December 1998.[60] She has no children, but Sauer has two adult sons from a previous marriage.[61] Merkel is known to dislike dogs.[62] She is a fervent soccer fan and has been known to both listen to games while in the Bundestag and to frequent games of the national team in her official capacity.[63][64]

Honours and awards

National honours and medals

Honorary degree

Other awards
  • In 2006, Angela Merkel was awarded the Vision for Europe Award for her contribution toward greater European integration.
  • She received the Karlspreis (Charlemagne Prize) for 2008 for distinguished services to European unity.[74][75]
  • In March 2008 she received the B'nai B'rith Europe Award of Merit.[76]
  • Merkel topped Forbes magazine's list of "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women" in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2013.[77]
  • New Statesman named Angela Merkel in "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures" 2010.[78]
  • On 16 June 2010, the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies at Johns Hopkins University in Washington D.C. awarded Chancellor Merkel its Global Leadership Award (AICGS) in recognition of her outstanding dedication to strengthening German-American relations.[79]
  • On 21 September 2010, the Leo Baeck Institute, a research institution in New York City devoted to the history of German-speaking Jewry, awarded Angela Merkel the Leo Baeck Medal. The medal was presented by former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and current Director of the Jewish Museum Berlin, W. Michael Blumenthal, who cited Merkel's support of Jewish cultural life and the integration of minorities in Germany.[80]
  • On 31 May 2011, she received the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for the year 2009 from the Indian government. She received the award for International understanding.[81]
  • On 28 November 2012, she received the Heinz Galinski Award in Berlin, Germany.

Comparisons

As a female politician from a centre right party who is also a scientist, Merkel has been compared by many in the English-language press to former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Some have referred to her as "Iron Lady", "Iron Girl", and even "The Iron Frau" (all alluding to Thatcher, whose nickname was "The Iron Lady"—Thatcher also had a science degree: an Oxford University degree in chemistry). Political commentators have debated the precise extent to which their agendas are similar.[82] Later in her tenure, Merkel acquired the nickname "Mutti" (from a German familiar form of 'mother'), said by Der Spiegel to refer to an idealised mother figure from the 1950s and 1960s.[83] She has also been called the "Iron Chancellor", in reference to Otto von Bismarck.[84]
In addition to being the first female German chancellor, the first to represent a Federal Republic of Germany that included the former East Germany (though she was born in the West and moved to the East a few weeks after her birth, when her father decided to return to East Germany as a Lutheran pastor[85]), and the youngest German chancellor since the Second World War, Merkel is also the first born after World War II, and the first chancellor of the Federal Republic with a background in natural sciences. She studied physics; her predecessors studied law, business or history or were military officers, among others.
Forbes has named her the second most powerful person in the world as of 2012.[86]

Controversy

Merkel has been criticised for being personally present and involved at the M100 Media Award handover[87] to Danish cartoonist Kurt Westergaard. This happened at a time of fierce emotional debate in Germany over disparaging remarks about Muslim immigrants made by the former Deutsche Bundesbank executive Thilo Sarrazin.[88] The Central Council of Muslims in Germany[89][90] and the left party[91] (Die Linke) as well as the German Green Party[92][93] criticised the action by the centre-right chancellor. The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung newspaper wrote: "This will probably be the most explosive moment of her chancellorship so far."[94] Others have praised Merkel and called it a brave and bold move for the cause of freedom of speech.
Merkel’s position towards the controversial remarks by Thilo Sarrazin with regard to Arab and Turkish people has been critical throughout. According to her personal statements, Sarrazin’s approach is "totally unacceptable" and contraproductive to the ongoing problems of integration.[95]
Members of her cabinet and Merkel herself also support expanding religion classes in public schools to include courses on Islam.[96][97][98][99]

References

  1. ^ Langguth, Gerd (2005). Angela Merkel (in German). Munich: dtv. p. 50. ISBN 3-423-24485-2. "Merkel wollte immer mit der Betonung auf dem 'e' Angela genannt werden. (Merkel always wanted her first name to be pronounced with the stress on the 'e'.)"
  2. ^ "Curriculum vitae: Angela Merkel". German Federal Press and Information Office. Retrieved 21 February 2012. "Since 2000 Chairwoman of the Christian Democratic Union . . ."
  3. ^ "Germany's Merkel begins new term". BBC. 28 October 2009. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
  4. ^ "Can Angela Merkel Fix Europe's Economic Crisis?". NPR. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
  5. ^ "Angela Merkel 'world's most powerful woman'". The Daily Telegraph (London). 24 August 2011.
  6. ^ "Profile Angela Merkel". Forbes. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  7. ^ Langguth, Gerd (August 2005). Angela Merkel (in German). DTV. p. 10. ISBN 3-423-24485-2.
  8. ^ "Merkels Vater gestorben - Termine abgesagt" (in German). newsecho. 3 September 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  9. ^ "Was an Angela Merkels Mutter vorbildlich ist". Welt Online(in German). 26 September 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2010. "'Nein, in der SPD bin ich nicht mehr.'"
  10. ^ Associated, The (15 March 2013). "Poland's prime minister helps Angela Merkel to correctly say her Polish grandfather's surname". Montrealgazette.com. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  11. ^ "Familiengeschichte der Kanzlerin - Merkel hat polnische Wurzeln". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). 13 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  12. ^ Langguth, Gerd (August 2005) [2005]. Angela Merkel (in German). Munich: dtv. ISBN 3-423-24485-2.
  13. ^ "Die Schläferin" (in German). Der Spiegel. 9 November 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  14. ^ "Glänzend in Physik, mäßig in der Ideologie" (in German).Der Spiegel. 31 January 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010. ""Nach meiner Erinnerung war ich Kultursekretärin. Aber was weiß ich denn? Ich glaube, wenn ich 80 bin, weiß ich gar nichts mehr", sagt sie."
  15. ^ Langguth, Gerd (August 2005). Angela Merkel (in German). DTV. p. 50. ISBN 3-423-24485-2.
  16. ^ "Drogenwahn auf der Dauerbaustelle". Spiegel (in German). 27 March 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  17. ^ Merkel, Angela (1986). Untersuchung des Mechanismus von Zerfallsreaktionen mit einfachem Bindungsbruch und Berechnung ihrer Geschwindigkeitskonstanten auf der Grundlage quantenchemischer und statistischer Methoden (Investigation of the mechanism of decay reactions with single bond breaking and calculation of their velocity constants on the basis of quantum chemical and statistical methods) (in German). Berlin: Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic (dissertation). cited in Langguth, Gerd (August 2005). Angela Merkel (in German). Munich: DTV. p. 109.ISBN 3-423-24485-2. and listed in the Catalogue of the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek under subject code 30 (Chemistry)
  18. ^ Langguth, Gerd (August 2005) [2005]. Angela Merkel (in German). Munich: dtv. pp. 112–137. ISBN 3-423-24485-2.
  19. ^ "Des Altkanzlers mahnende Worte" (in German). Zeit Online. 2010-10-01. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  20. ^ "Kohls unterschätztes Mädchen" (in German). Spiegel Online. 2005-05-30. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  21. ^ "Merkel fordert längere Arbeitszeit". Der Spiegel (in German). 18 May 2003. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
  22. ^ "Merkel: Nuclear phase-out is wrong". World Nuclear News. 10 June 2008. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
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Bibliography

  • Bolgherini, Silvia; Grotz, Florian, eds. (2010). Germany After the Grand Coalition: Governance and Politics in a Turbulent Environment. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-62285-2. Studies of the "Grand Coalition" of 2005–09 and the first Merkel government.
  • Mills, Cliff (2008). Angela Merkel. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-7910-9496-9.

External links

Find more about Angela Merkel at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Political offices
Preceded by
Ursula Lehr		Minister of Women and Youth
1991–1994		Succeeded by
Claudia Nolte
Preceded by
Klaus Töpfer		Minister of the Environment
1994–1998		Succeeded by
Jürgen Trittin
Preceded by
Gerhard Schröder		Chancellor of Germany
2005–present		Incumbent
Party political offices
Preceded by
Peter Hintze		Secretary-General of the Christian Democratic Union
1998–2000		Succeeded by
Ruprecht Polenz
Preceded by
Wolfgang Schäuble		Leader of the Christian Democratic Union
2000–present		Incumbent
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Vladimir Putin		Chair of the G8
2007		Succeeded by
Yasuo Fukuda
Academic offices
Preceded by
Jerzy Buzek		Speaker at the College of Europe Opening Ceremony
2010		Succeeded by
Giorgio Napolitano
Authority control

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