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Beauty
Beauty is a characteristic of a person, animal, place , object or idea that provides a perception experience pleasure or satisfaction . [1] Beauty is studied as part of aesthetics , sociology , social psychology and culture . An "ideal beauty" is an entity which is admired, or possesses features widely attributed to beauty in a particular culture, for perfection.
The experience of "beauty" often involves an interpretation of some entity that is in balance and harmony with nature , which may lead to feelings of attraction and emotional well-being. As this can be a subjective experience, it is often said that "beauty is in the eye of the beholder". [2]
There is evidence that the perception of beauty are evolutionarily determined, that things, aspects of people and landscapes considered beautiful are typically in situations that can give greater survival of the genes of humans to perceive. [3] [4 ]
CONTENTS
[ hide ]ETYMOLOGY
The classical Greek noun for "beauty" was κάλλος, Kallos , and the adjective for "beautiful" was καλός, kalos . The Koine Greek word was pretty ὡραῖος, horaios , [5] an adjective etymologically coming from the word ὥρα, time , meaning "hour." In Koine Greek, beauty is thus associated with "being of one hour". [6] Thus, a ripe fruit (of its time) was considered beautiful, whereas a young woman trying to appear larger or an older woman trying to appear younger would not be considered beautiful. In Attic Greek, horaios had many meanings, including "youthful" and "ripe age". [6]
HISTORICAL VISION OF BEAUTY
There is evidence that a preference for beautiful faces emerges early in child development, and standards of attractiveness are similar across different genders and cultures. [7] A study published in 2008 suggests that the symmetry is also important because it suggests the absence of genetic or acquired defects. [8]
Although style and fashion vary widely, cross-cultural research has found a variety of common elements in the perception of the beauty of the people. The earliest Western theory of beauty can be found in the works of early Greek philosophers from the pre-Socratic period, such as Pythagoras . The Pythagorean school saw a strong connection between mathematics and beauty. In particular, they noted that objects proportioned according to the golden ratio seemed more attractive. [9] Ancient Greek architecture is based on this view of symmetry and proportion .
Plato considered beauty as the Idea (Form) above all other ideas. [10] Aristotle saw a relationship between the beautiful ( to kalon ) and virtue, arguing that "Virtue aims at beauty ". [11]
Classical philosophy and sculptures of men and women produced according to the Greek philosophers tenets of ideal human beauty 'were rediscovered in Renaissance Europe, leading to a re-adoption of what is known as a "classical ideal" . Regarding female human beauty, a woman looks fit these principles is still known as "classical beauty" or said to have a "classical beauty", whilst the foundations laid by Greek and Roman artists have also supplied the standard for male beauty in western civilization. [ citation needed ] During the gothic era, the classical canon of aesthetic beauty was rejected as something sinful. Later, the Renaissance and the Humanism rejected this view, and considered beauty as a product of rational order and harmony of proportions. Renaissance artists and architect (such as Giorgio Vasari in his "lives of artists") criticized the gothic period as irrational and barbarian. This view on gothic art lasted until Romanticism, in the 19th century.
The Age of Reason saw an increased interest in beauty as a philosophical subject.For example, Scottish philosopher Francis Hutcheson argued that beauty is "unity in variety and variety in unity". [12] The Romantic poets, too, became very concerned about the nature of beauty, with John Keats arguing in "Ode on a Grecian urn" that
- Beauty is truth, truth beauty,-that is all.
- You know on earth and all you need to know.
In the Romantic period, Edmund Burke posits a difference between beauty in its classical meaning and Sublime . The concept of the sublime, as explained by Burke and Kant suggested and see Gothic architecture, but disagrees with the standard classical beauty and sublime. [ citation needed ]
The 20th century saw an increasing rejection of beauty by artists and philosophers alike, culminating in postmodernism anti-aesthietics down. [13] This is despite beauty being a central concern of one of the main postmodern influences, Friedrich Nietzsche , who argued that the Will to power was the desire of beauty. [14]
After the rejection of postmodernism beauty, thinkers have returned to beauty as an important value. American analytic philosopher Guy Sircello proposed his new theory of beauty as an effort to reaffirm the status of beauty as an important philosophical concept. [15] [16] Elaine Scarry also argues that beauty is related to the justice. [17]
HUMAN BEAUTY
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Main article: The physical attractiveness
The characterization of a person as "beautiful", whether on an individual or community consensus, is often based on a combination of inner beauty , which includes psychological factors such as personality , intelligence , grace , politeness , charisma , integrity , congruence and elegance , and outer beauty (ie physical attractiveness ) which includes physical attributes which are valued for aesthetics.
Standards of beauty have changed over time based on changing cultural values. Historically, paintings show a wide range of different standards for beauty. However, humans who are relatively young, with smooth skin, well-supplied bodies, and regular features, have traditionally been considered the most beautiful in history.
A strong indicator of physical beauty is " Mitjania "or" koinophilia . " [ citation needed ] When images of human faces are average together to form a composite image, they become progressively closer to the image of "ideal" and are perceived as more attractive. This was first noticed in 1883, when Francis Galton , cousin of Charles Darwin , overlaid photographic composite images of the faces of vegetarians and criminals to see if there was a typical facial appearance for each. In doing this, he noticed that the composite images were more attractive compared to any of the individual images. [ citation needed ]
Researchers have replicated the result under more controlled conditions and found that the computer generated, mathematical average of a series of faces is rated more favorably than individual faces. [18] Evolutionarily, it makes logical sense that sexual creatures should be attracted to mates who have predominantly common or average features. [19]
A feature of beautiful women that has been explored by researchers is a waist-to-hip ratio of approximately 0.70. Physiologists have shown that women with hourglass figures are more fertile than other women due to higher levels of certain female hormones, a fact that may subconsciously condition males choosing mates. [20]
People are influenced by the images they see in the media to determine what is or is not beautiful.Some feminists and doctors [ vague ] have suggested that the very thin models in magazines promote eating disorders , [21] and others have argued that the predominance of white women who appear in the films and advertising leads to a Eurocentric concept of beauty, feelings of inferiority in women of color, [22] and internalized racism . [23]
The black is beautiful cultural movement sought to dispel this notion. [24]
The concept of beauty in men is known as' bishōnen 'in Japan. Bishōnen refers to men with distinctly feminine features, physical characteristics establishing the standard of beauty in Japan and typically exhibited in their pop culture idols . An industry of billions of dollars of Japanese aesthetics salons exist for this reason.
EFFECTS SOCIETY
Beauty presents a standard of comparison , and it can cause resentment and dissatisfaction when not achieved. People who do not fit the "beauty ideal" may be ostracized in their communities. The television series Ugly Betty portrays the life of a child facing difficulties due to the lackadaisical attitude of society towards people they deem unattractive. However, a person can also be harassed by their beauty. In Malena , an amazing and beautiful Italian woman is forced into poverty by the women of the community who refuse to give her work for fear that she may "draw" their husbands. The documentary Beauty in the Eyes of the Beheld explores both the blessings and the curses of the society of female beauty through interviews of women considered beautiful.
Researchers have found that good looking students get better grades than students of teachers with a normal appearance. [25] Some studies using false criminal trials have shown that physically attractive "defendants" are less likely to be convicted, and if convicted, is likely to receive sentences less attractive than lighter (although the opposite effect was observed when the offense was alleged scam, perhaps because the jurors perceive the attractiveness of the defendant facilitate crime). [26] Studies among teens and young adults, such as those of psychiatrist and self-help author, Eva Ritvo , show that skin conditions have a profound effect on social behavior and the opportunity. [27]
How much money a person earns may also be influenced by physical beauty. One study found that people low in physical attractiveness earn 5 to 10 percent less than people looking to walk, who in turn earn 3 to 8 percent less than those who are considered good looking. [ 28] Discrimination against others based on their appearance is known as lookism . [29]
St. Augustine said of beauty "Beauty is indeed a good gift of God. however that good may not think it a great good, God dispenses, even for the wicked" [30]
UGLINESS
Ugliness is a property of a person or thing that is unpleasant to look at and results in a very unfavorable evaluation. To be ugly is to be aesthetically unattractive, repulsive, or offensive. [31]
People who are ugly to others suffer well-documented discrimination, earning 10 to 15 percent less than workers in similar and are less likely to be hired for almost any job, but lack legal resources to fight discrimination. [32]
For some people, ugliness is a central aspect of his personality. Jean-Paul Sartre had a lazy eye and a swollen face, asymmetric, and attributed many of his philosophical ideas to his lifelong struggle to come to terms with her ugliness describes himself. [33] Socrates . also used his ugliness as a philosophical touch point, concluding that philosophy can save us from our ugliness outside [33] famous in his time for his perceived ugliness, Abraham Lincoln was described by a contemporary: " say it is ugly is nothing; adding that his figure is grotesque, is to convey no adequate impression. " However, his appearance proved to be an asset in his personal and political relationships, as his partner in the firm of William Herndon wrote, "He was not a pretty man by any means, nor was ugly was a man home to distraction. their looks, appearance and simple action plan He had no pomp, display, or dignity, so-called simple appeared in his carriage and bearing was a man of look sad .. his melancholy dripped from him as he walked. their apparent darkness impress your friends, and create sympathy for him and through his great success ". [34]
In June 2013, comedian Angela Barnes was known for an article published in The Guardian , in which he talked about how he felt society treat people considered ugly and feelings as someone who identified himself as such -one. [35]
SEE ALSO
- Adorno
- Beauty contest
- Glamour (presentation)
- Processing fluency theory of aesthetic pleasure
- Body Modification
REFERENCES
- ^ "beauty, no.". OED Online.Desembre 2011.Oxford University Press.Retrieved February 11, 2012
- ^ Gary Martin (2007). "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder" . The Phrase Finder. Archived from the original on November 30, 2007 . Retrieved December 4, 2007 .
- ^ The Oxford Handbook of Aesthetics
- ^ Denis Dutton: A Darwinian theory of beauty | Video on TED.com
- ^ Matthew 23:27, Acts 3:10, Flavius Joseph, 12.65
- ^ 1 b Euripides Alcestis 515.
- ^ Rhodes, G. (2006). "The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty." Annual Review of Psychology 57 :. 199-226 doi :10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190208 . PMID 16318594 .
- ^ Highfield, Roger. "Why beauty is an announcement of good genes" . The Telegraph.Obtingut February 13, 2012
- ^ Seife, Charles (2000). Zero: the biography of a dangerous idea .Penguin. ISBN 0-14-029647-6 . P.. 32
- ^ Phaedrus
- ^ Nicomachean Ethics
- ^ an investigation into the original of our ideas of beauty and virtue: in two treatises
- ^ The Anti-aesthetic: Essays on postmodern culture Hal Foster
- ^ The will to power
- ^ A New Theory of Beauty. Princeton Essays on the Arts, 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975.
- ^ Love and Bellesa.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.
- ^ In Beauty and Being Just
- ^ Langlois, JH, Roggman, LA and Musselman, L.(1994.) "What is normal and what is not average about attractive faces". Psychological Science 5 : 214-220. doi :10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00503.x .
- ^ Koeslag, JH (1990)."The groups sexual creatures Koinophilia species, promotes stasis, and stabilizes social behavior." J.Theor. . Biol 144 (1): 15-35. doi : 10.1016/S0022-5193 (05) 80297-8 . PMID 2200930 .
- ^ . Utton, Tim "born mothers have curvy hips | Mail Online" . Daily Mail (London). Archived from the original on June 26, 2010 . Accessed on 2010-05-31 .
- ^ "models links teens with anorexia" . BBC News .May 30, 2000 . Accessed April 26, 2010 .
- ^ Sekayi Day (2003). "Aesthetics of Resistance commercial influences: the impact of Eurocentric Beauty Standard on Black College Women" . Journal of Negro Education(findarticles.com) .Accessed on 2010-05-31 .[ broken link ]
- ^ Chris Weedon, Cardiff University. "key issues Postcolonial Feminism: A Western Perspective" .Forum Gender Electronics Magazine. Archived from the original on December 6, 2007 . Retrieved December 4, 2007 .
- ^ Dr. DoCarmo (2007). "Notes on Dr. DoCarmo Black Cultural Movement" . Bucks County Community College. Archived from the original on December 20, 2007 . Retrieved December 4, 2007 .
- ^ Sharon Begley (14 July 2009). "the link between beauty and grades" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on 29 May 2010 . Accessed 2010-05-31 .
- ^ Amina Memon, Aldert Vrij, Ray Bull (2003). psychology and law: truthfulness, accuracy and credibility . John Wiley & Sons. pp. 46-47. ISBN 047086835X
- ^ "Poll reveals image" perception is reality "when it comes to teenagers" . multivu.prnewswire.com.
- ^ Lorenz, K. (2005). " The beautiful people earn more? " CNN News , Time Warner.
- ^ Gough, L. (2011.) The law of C. Northcote Parkinson Parkinson.Oxford, UK: Infinite Ideas Ltd. p. 36. ISBN 1283147378
- ^ City of God Book 15 Chapter 22
- ^ Webster's New World College Dictionary , 3rd edition, 1995.
- ^ Hamermesh, Daniel (27 August 2011). "Ugly? You may have a case" . New York Times . Accessed August 28, 2011 .
- ^ 1 b . Martin, Andy (10 August 2010) "The Phenomenology of Ugly" . New York Times . Archived from the original on August 15, 2010 .Accessed August 24, 2010 .
- ^ Carpenter, FB (1866). Six months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln . New York: Hurd and Houghton. ISBN 1-58218-120-9 .
- ^ http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/28/ugly-proud-of-it
EXTERNAL LINKS
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to beauty . |
 | Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Beauty |
 | Look for the beauty and strength in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Beauty by Crispin Sartwell entrance to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Beauty at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
- In Our Time program on BBC Radio 4 on Beauty (requires RealAudio )
- Dictionary of the History of Ideas : Theories of Beauty in the second half of the nineteenth century
- beautycheck.de / English Regensburg University - Characteristics of beautiful faces
- Eli Siegel on "It's the beauty of the union of opposites?"
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