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Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the US President.For other uses of the name, see Harry Truman (disambiguation) .
Harry S. Truman 
33rd President of the United States The Official
12th April 1945 - January 20, 1953 Vice President
- No (1945-1949) [1]
- Alben W. Barkley (1949-1953)
Predecessor Franklin D. Roosevelt Succeeded by Dwight D. Eisenhower 34th Vice President of the United States In office
20th January 1945 - April 12, 1945 President Franklin D. Roosevelt Predecessor Henry A. Wallace Succeeded by Alben W. Barkley United States Senator
from Missouri In office
. 3 January 1935 - January 17, 1945 Predecessor Roscoe Patterson Succeeded by Frank Briggs Personal Information Born May 8, 1884 Lamar , Missouri, United States
Died December 26, 1972 (Age 88) Kansas City , Missouri, United States
Resting place Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum
Independence, Missouri Political Party Democratically Spouse (s) Bess Wallace Children Margaret Truman Profession
- Haberdasher
- Farmer
Religion Southern Baptist Signature 
Military service Service / branch
Years of service
- 1905-1911
- 1917-1919
- 1920-1953 ( reserve )
Rank
Commands Battery D, 129th Field Artillery, 60th Brigade, 35th Infantry Division Battles / wars World War I
• Western Front
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 - December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945-1953). The final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944 succeeded Truman presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining Gesundheit.Unter Truman, the US successfully completed the Second World War ; in the aftermath of the conflict, tensions with the Soviet Union to which the start of the Cold War .
Truman was born in Missouri , and spent most of his youth on his family's farm.During the First World War , in the battle he was in France as an artillery officer in his National Guard unit. After the war, he briefly owned a haberdashery and the Democratic Party joined political machine of Tom Pendergast in Kansas City, Missouri . Truman public office as District was first elected and became a US Senator in 1935. He gained national prominence as head of the War Truman Committee , the waste, fraud and corruption in wartime contracts suspended.
While Germany surrendered a few weeks after Truman took over the presidency of the war with Japan was expected to be another year or longer. Truman approved the use of nuclear weapons against Japan , intending to force Japan's surrender and shy American lives in an invasion ; the decision remains controversial. His presidency was a turning point in the foreign policy as the nation supports an internationalist foreign policy in conjunction with European allies. In close cooperation with the Congress, Truman in the founding of the assistance of the United Nations , has the Truman Doctrine , contain communism, and passed the $ 13000000000 Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, including the Axis powers of both world wars , during wartime allies Soviet Union was the peace enemy, and the Cold War began. He oversaw the Berlin Airlift in 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949. During the communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he immediately sent to US troops and won UN approval for the Korean War . After initial success, the UN troops were thrown back by Chinese intervention and the conflict was the last years of the Truman Presidential stalemate.
Approved on domestic issues, bills of Truman often faced opposition from a conservative congress dominated the South, but his government successfully led the American economy by post-war economic challenges. He said the civil rights was a moral priority, and presented the first comprehensive legislation in 1948, and was executive orders to the races integration of military and federal agencies this year starten.Korruption in Truman's administration, which was to certain members in the linked cabinet and senior White House staff, was a central theme in the 1952 presidential campaign , the Adlai Stevenson , Truman's successor as Democratic candidate, lost Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower . Popular and scientific assessments of his presidency were initially negative, but eventually was named after its withdrawal from politics positive. Truman's 1948 election upset for his full term as president is routinely invoked by underdog candidate.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the US President.For other uses of the name, see Harry Truman (disambiguation) .
| Harry S. Truman | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 33rd President of the United States | |
| The Official 12th April 1945 - January 20, 1953 | |
| Vice President |
|
| Predecessor | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Succeeded by | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| 34th Vice President of the United States | |
| In office 20th January 1945 - April 12, 1945 | |
| President | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Predecessor | Henry A. Wallace |
| Succeeded by | Alben W. Barkley |
| United States Senator from Missouri | |
| In office . 3 January 1935 - January 17, 1945 | |
| Predecessor | Roscoe Patterson |
| Succeeded by | Frank Briggs |
| Personal Information | |
| Born | May 8, 1884 Lamar , Missouri, United States |
| Died | December 26, 1972 (Age 88) Kansas City , Missouri, United States |
| Resting place | Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum Independence, Missouri |
| Political Party | Democratically |
| Spouse (s) | Bess Wallace |
| Children | Margaret Truman |
| Profession |
|
| Religion | Southern Baptist |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Service / branch | |
| Years of service |
|
| Rank | |
| Commands | Battery D, 129th Field Artillery, 60th Brigade, 35th Infantry Division |
| Battles / wars | World War I • Western Front  |
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 - December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945-1953). The final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944 succeeded Truman presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining Gesundheit.Unter Truman, the US successfully completed the Second World War ; in the aftermath of the conflict, tensions with the Soviet Union to which the start of the Cold War .
Truman was born in Missouri , and spent most of his youth on his family's farm.During the First World War , in the battle he was in France as an artillery officer in his National Guard unit. After the war, he briefly owned a haberdashery and the Democratic Party joined political machine of Tom Pendergast in Kansas City, Missouri . Truman public office as District was first elected and became a US Senator in 1935. He gained national prominence as head of the War Truman Committee , the waste, fraud and corruption in wartime contracts suspended.
While Germany surrendered a few weeks after Truman took over the presidency of the war with Japan was expected to be another year or longer. Truman approved the use of nuclear weapons against Japan , intending to force Japan's surrender and shy American lives in an invasion ; the decision remains controversial. His presidency was a turning point in the foreign policy as the nation supports an internationalist foreign policy in conjunction with European allies. In close cooperation with the Congress, Truman in the founding of the assistance of the United Nations , has the Truman Doctrine , contain communism, and passed the $ 13000000000 Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, including the Axis powers of both world wars , during wartime allies Soviet Union was the peace enemy, and the Cold War began. He oversaw the Berlin Airlift in 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949. During the communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he immediately sent to US troops and won UN approval for the Korean War . After initial success, the UN troops were thrown back by Chinese intervention and the conflict was the last years of the Truman Presidential stalemate.
Approved on domestic issues, bills of Truman often faced opposition from a conservative congress dominated the South, but his government successfully led the American economy by post-war economic challenges. He said the civil rights was a moral priority, and presented the first comprehensive legislation in 1948, and was executive orders to the races integration of military and federal agencies this year starten.Korruption in Truman's administration, which was to certain members in the linked cabinet and senior White House staff, was a central theme in the 1952 presidential campaign , the Adlai Stevenson , Truman's successor as Democratic candidate, lost Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower . Popular and scientific assessments of his presidency were initially negative, but eventually was named after its withdrawal from politics positive. Truman's 1948 election upset for his full term as president is routinely invoked by underdog candidate.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
[ hide ]
- 1 Early life and career
- 2 policy
- 3 Vice Presidency
- 4 Presidency 1945-1953
- 5 Post-Presidency
- 6 Death
- 7 Tributes and legacy
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Bibliography
- 11 External links
[ hide ]
- 1 Early life and career
- 2 policy
- 3 Vice Presidency
- 4 Presidency 1945-1953
- 5 Post-Presidency
- 6 Death
- 7 Tributes and legacy
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Bibliography
- 11 External links
EARLY LIFE AND CAREER [ EDIT ]
Harry S. Truman was born on May 8, 1884, in Lamar, Missouri , the eldest child of John Anderson Truman (1851-1914) and Martha Ellen Young Truman (1852-1947).His parents chose the name Harry after his mother, Harrison "Harry" Young's brother (1846-1916). [2] They chose "S" as his middle initial to his two grandfathers, Anderson please S Truman hip and Solomon Young , The "S" does not stand for anything, a common practice among the Scots-Irish . [3] [4] A brother, John Vivian (1886-1965), was born soon after Harry, followed by a sister, Mary Jane (1889 -1978). [5]
John Truman was a farmer and cattle dealer. The family lived in Lamar until Harry was ten months old when they moved to a farm near Harrisonville . The family moved to next Belton and 1887 to his grandparents' 600-acre (240-hectare) farm in Grandview . [6] When Truman was six, his parents moved to independence , so that he could participate Presbyterian Church Sunday School. Truman not attend a traditional school until he was eight years old. [7]
As a boy, Truman was interested in music, reading, and history, all encouraged by his mother, with whom he is very close. As president, he asked political as well as personal advice from her. [8] He stood at five every morning, the piano, which he studied twice a week until he was fifteen to practice. [9] Truman was a side at the 1900 Democratic National Convention at Convention Hall in Kansas City , [10] .his father had many friends who were active in the Democratic Party and helped young Harry to win his first political position [11]
After graduating from Independence High School (now William Chrisman High School ) in 1901 worked Truman as a timekeeper on the Santa Fe Railroad , sleeping in hobo camps near the railway lines. [12] He worked on a series of public service activities and was employed briefly in the mailroom of the Kansas City Star . He returned to the Grand View Farm in 1906, where he lived in the Army in 1917 up to the date. [13] During this time, he campaigned Bess Wallace and proposed to her in 1911 You turned it nieder.Truman said that before he again proposed to be earning more money than a farmer he did want to. [14]
Truman is the youngest US president had not earned a college degree. When his high school friends went to the State University in 1901, Truman wrote in Spalding Commercial College, a Kansas City Business School, but stayed for one semester. In 1923-1925 he took night classes at a law degree at Kansas City Law School (now University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law), but dropped out after his government job to lose. [15]
Harry S. Truman was born on May 8, 1884, in Lamar, Missouri , the eldest child of John Anderson Truman (1851-1914) and Martha Ellen Young Truman (1852-1947).His parents chose the name Harry after his mother, Harrison "Harry" Young's brother (1846-1916). [2] They chose "S" as his middle initial to his two grandfathers, Anderson please S Truman hip and Solomon Young , The "S" does not stand for anything, a common practice among the Scots-Irish . [3] [4] A brother, John Vivian (1886-1965), was born soon after Harry, followed by a sister, Mary Jane (1889 -1978). [5]
John Truman was a farmer and cattle dealer. The family lived in Lamar until Harry was ten months old when they moved to a farm near Harrisonville . The family moved to next Belton and 1887 to his grandparents' 600-acre (240-hectare) farm in Grandview . [6] When Truman was six, his parents moved to independence , so that he could participate Presbyterian Church Sunday School. Truman not attend a traditional school until he was eight years old. [7]
As a boy, Truman was interested in music, reading, and history, all encouraged by his mother, with whom he is very close. As president, he asked political as well as personal advice from her. [8] He stood at five every morning, the piano, which he studied twice a week until he was fifteen to practice. [9] Truman was a side at the 1900 Democratic National Convention at Convention Hall in Kansas City , [10] .his father had many friends who were active in the Democratic Party and helped young Harry to win his first political position [11]
After graduating from Independence High School (now William Chrisman High School ) in 1901 worked Truman as a timekeeper on the Santa Fe Railroad , sleeping in hobo camps near the railway lines. [12] He worked on a series of public service activities and was employed briefly in the mailroom of the Kansas City Star . He returned to the Grand View Farm in 1906, where he lived in the Army in 1917 up to the date. [13] During this time, he campaigned Bess Wallace and proposed to her in 1911 You turned it nieder.Truman said that before he again proposed to be earning more money than a farmer he did want to. [14]
Truman is the youngest US president had not earned a college degree. When his high school friends went to the State University in 1901, Truman wrote in Spalding Commercial College, a Kansas City Business School, but stayed for one semester. In 1923-1925 he took night classes at a law degree at Kansas City Law School (now University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law), but dropped out after his government job to lose. [15]
World War [ edit ]
Because of poor eyesight, Truman had been turned down for the occupation of the United States Military Academy at West Point, who was his childhood dream. [15] He entered the Missouri Army National Guard in 1905 and used until 1911 in a Kansas City-based artillery battery . [16] At his induction, his eyesight had been an unacceptable 20/50 in the right eye and 20/400 (passing the standard for legal blindness) in the left side. [17] The second time he took the test, he went secretly memorizing the eye chart. [18]
With the beginning of American involvement in World War Truman replied the guard, although the only man in the family, he was exempt from tax conscription . To his surprise, the men Truman chose as an officer, making him lieutenant of a battery. Before using to France, Truman was sent Camp Doniphan , Fort Sill , near Lawton, Oklahoma , for training. He ran the camp canteen with Edward Jacobson , a clothing store clerk he knew of Kansas City; under the two men, the canteen $ 10,000 came in the form of dividends in six months. [16] at Fort Sill, Truman met Lieutenant James M. Pendergast, nephew of Joseph Thomas (Tom) Pendergast , a Kansas City political boss , a compound which was have a strong influence on the later life of Truman. [19] [20] [21] [22]
Promoted Captain Truman in July 1918 troop commander in an artillery regiment in France. His new unit, Battery D, 129thField Artillery , 60th Brigade, 35thInfantry Division , was honored for his discipline known problems and Truman was initially unpopular. [16] During a sudden attack by the Germans in the Vosges soldiers began to flee .With profanity that he had learned while encouraging the work on the Santa Fe Railroad, Truman and his men to stay and fight; they were so surprised to hear Truman use such language they obeyed immediately. [16]
On September 26, 1918, as the opening of the Meuse-Argonne offensive , Truman stepped unit in a massive pre-arranged attack barrage. They moved with difficulty over pitted terrain to follow the infantry, and when she west of Cheppy them to set up an observation post. A decision from Truman against orders likely to act saved American lives. Through his binoculars on September 27, he saw an enemy artillery battery device over a river in a position that enables them to the adjacent 28th Division feuern.Trumans orders limited him at targets with a view of the 35th Division, but he ignored it and patiently waited until the Germans had their horses were far away from their guns before he opened fire and scattered the enemy. Truman was chewed by his commander, Colonel Charles D. Klemm, but he was not court-martialed. [23] [24]
In other action during the Meuse-Argonne battle, Truman supported George S. Patton 's tank brigade . [25] On November 11, 1918. The artillery unit fired some of the last shots of World War II against German positions in Hermeville before the armistice came into force by 11 clock. [26] Under Truman's command in France, not to lose the battery a single man, and his men Truman presented with a large loving cup after their return to the United States. [16]
Because of poor eyesight, Truman had been turned down for the occupation of the United States Military Academy at West Point, who was his childhood dream. [15] He entered the Missouri Army National Guard in 1905 and used until 1911 in a Kansas City-based artillery battery . [16] At his induction, his eyesight had been an unacceptable 20/50 in the right eye and 20/400 (passing the standard for legal blindness) in the left side. [17] The second time he took the test, he went secretly memorizing the eye chart. [18]
With the beginning of American involvement in World War Truman replied the guard, although the only man in the family, he was exempt from tax conscription . To his surprise, the men Truman chose as an officer, making him lieutenant of a battery. Before using to France, Truman was sent Camp Doniphan , Fort Sill , near Lawton, Oklahoma , for training. He ran the camp canteen with Edward Jacobson , a clothing store clerk he knew of Kansas City; under the two men, the canteen $ 10,000 came in the form of dividends in six months. [16] at Fort Sill, Truman met Lieutenant James M. Pendergast, nephew of Joseph Thomas (Tom) Pendergast , a Kansas City political boss , a compound which was have a strong influence on the later life of Truman. [19] [20] [21] [22]
Promoted Captain Truman in July 1918 troop commander in an artillery regiment in France. His new unit, Battery D, 129thField Artillery , 60th Brigade, 35thInfantry Division , was honored for his discipline known problems and Truman was initially unpopular. [16] During a sudden attack by the Germans in the Vosges soldiers began to flee .With profanity that he had learned while encouraging the work on the Santa Fe Railroad, Truman and his men to stay and fight; they were so surprised to hear Truman use such language they obeyed immediately. [16]
On September 26, 1918, as the opening of the Meuse-Argonne offensive , Truman stepped unit in a massive pre-arranged attack barrage. They moved with difficulty over pitted terrain to follow the infantry, and when she west of Cheppy them to set up an observation post. A decision from Truman against orders likely to act saved American lives. Through his binoculars on September 27, he saw an enemy artillery battery device over a river in a position that enables them to the adjacent 28th Division feuern.Trumans orders limited him at targets with a view of the 35th Division, but he ignored it and patiently waited until the Germans had their horses were far away from their guns before he opened fire and scattered the enemy. Truman was chewed by his commander, Colonel Charles D. Klemm, but he was not court-martialed. [23] [24]
In other action during the Meuse-Argonne battle, Truman supported George S. Patton 's tank brigade . [25] On November 11, 1918. The artillery unit fired some of the last shots of World War II against German positions in Hermeville before the armistice came into force by 11 clock. [26] Under Truman's command in France, not to lose the battery a single man, and his men Truman presented with a large loving cup after their return to the United States. [16]
POLICY [ EDIT ]
Jackson County judge [ edit ]
When the war ended Truman was made captain musterte.Er returned to Independence, where he married Bess Wallace on 28 June 1919th [28] The couple had one child, Mary Margaret . [29]
Shortly before the wedding, Truman and Jacobson opened a haberdashery at 104 West 12th Street in downtown Kansas City . After brief initial success of the store went bankrupt during the recession of 1921 . [8] Truman paid not from the last of the debt of this venture until 1934, when he did this with the help of a supporter. [30] Jacobson and Truman remained close friends, Jacobson and advice to Truman on Zionism later played a role in the decision by the US government to recognize Israel. [31]
In 1922, with the help of the Kansas City Democratic machine led by Tom Pendergast , Truman, a judge of the District Court for the Eastern District of elected was Jackson County -an administrative, not judicial position similar to county commissioners elsewhere. [8]Truman was was not re-elected in 1924, losing in a wave of Republican President led Calvin Coolidge . His two years in the political wilderness sale automobile club memberships convinced him that a public service career was safer approaches for a man of middle age, who had never been successful in the private sector. [32]
In 1926, with the support of the Pendergast machine, Truman selected was chairman for the district court, and helped in 1930 Truman coordinate the "Ten-Year Plan", the re-elected in Jackson County and the Kansas City skyline transformed with new public works projects, including a substantial number of roads and the construction of a new Wight and Wight -Designed County Court building. He was president of the National Old Trails Road Association in 1926 and oversaw the inauguration of a series of 12 Madonna of the Trail monuments in honor of pioneer women in the late 1920s. [32] [33]
1933 Missouri Truman became Director of the Federal Re-employment program (part of the named citizens Works Administration ) at the request of Postmaster General James Farley . This was payback to Pendergast for delivering the Kansas City vote Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential elections . The appointment confirmed Pendergast control over federal patronage jobs in Missouri and marked the height of his power. He also created a relationship between Truman and Roosevelt aide Harry Hopkins and assured Truman's enthusiastic support for the New Deal. [34]
When the war ended Truman was made captain musterte.Er returned to Independence, where he married Bess Wallace on 28 June 1919th [28] The couple had one child, Mary Margaret . [29]
Shortly before the wedding, Truman and Jacobson opened a haberdashery at 104 West 12th Street in downtown Kansas City . After brief initial success of the store went bankrupt during the recession of 1921 . [8] Truman paid not from the last of the debt of this venture until 1934, when he did this with the help of a supporter. [30] Jacobson and Truman remained close friends, Jacobson and advice to Truman on Zionism later played a role in the decision by the US government to recognize Israel. [31]
In 1922, with the help of the Kansas City Democratic machine led by Tom Pendergast , Truman, a judge of the District Court for the Eastern District of elected was Jackson County -an administrative, not judicial position similar to county commissioners elsewhere. [8]Truman was was not re-elected in 1924, losing in a wave of Republican President led Calvin Coolidge . His two years in the political wilderness sale automobile club memberships convinced him that a public service career was safer approaches for a man of middle age, who had never been successful in the private sector. [32]
In 1926, with the support of the Pendergast machine, Truman selected was chairman for the district court, and helped in 1930 Truman coordinate the "Ten-Year Plan", the re-elected in Jackson County and the Kansas City skyline transformed with new public works projects, including a substantial number of roads and the construction of a new Wight and Wight -Designed County Court building. He was president of the National Old Trails Road Association in 1926 and oversaw the inauguration of a series of 12 Madonna of the Trail monuments in honor of pioneer women in the late 1920s. [32] [33]
1933 Missouri Truman became Director of the Federal Re-employment program (part of the named citizens Works Administration ) at the request of Postmaster General James Farley . This was payback to Pendergast for delivering the Kansas City vote Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential elections . The appointment confirmed Pendergast control over federal patronage jobs in Missouri and marked the height of his power. He also created a relationship between Truman and Roosevelt aide Harry Hopkins and assured Truman's enthusiastic support for the New Deal. [34]
US Senator [ Edit ]
After serving as a judge, Truman wanted to run for governor or Congress, but Pendergast rejected these ideas. Truman believed he would serve out his career at the county level in some well-paid sinecures. Instead, after four other men refused Pendergast reluctantly backed Truman as the Democratic candidate in the 1934 US Senate election for Missouri. [35] During the Democratic primary , Truman defeated two congressmen, John J. Cochran and Jacob L. Milligan , with the solid support of Jackson County, which was crucial for his candidacy, as well as the contacts he made hatte.Truman nationwide as District defeated the incumbent Republican, Roscoe C. Patterson , by almost 20 percentage points. [35] [36] [37]
Truman took office with a reputation as "the senator from Pendergast." Although he gave patronage decisions Pendergast, Truman always claimed he voted his conscience. Later the auspices defended decisions so that by a small selection of the machine, he saved a lot. [37] [38] In his first term as US Senator, Truman spoke out against corporate greed and the dangers of Wall Street speculators and other moneyed achieve special interests too much influence in national affairs. [39] He was largely ignored by President Roosevelt, and had difficulty getting calls back to the White House. [37] [40]
In 1940 , United States Attorney Maurice Milligan and former Governor Lloyd Stark Truman called for in the Democratic primary. Truman was politically weakened by Pendergast in prison for tax evasion in the previous year; The senator had remained loyal, claiming that Republican judge, not the Roosevelt administration, responsible for the head of the sinking were. [41] St. Louis Party leader Robert E. Hannegan support Truman proved decisive; he later mediate the deal that put Truman on the national ticket. At the end, Stark and Milligan anti Pendergast vote in the Senate split Democratic primary and Truman won by 8,000 votes. In the November election, Truman defeated Republican Manvel H. Davis by 51% to 49%. [42]
Late traveled in 1940, Truman, a series of military bases. The waste and profiteering he saw led him to his subcommittee chairmanship of the Committee on Military Affairs use to start investigations into abuses as the nation prepared for war. A separate committee, a formal investigation was carried out under Truman set; the Roosevelt administration supports this plan, rather than a hostile weather probe by the House of Representatives.Chairperson of what became known as the " Truman Committee "made him a national figure. [43] Activities of the Truman Committee ranged from criticism of the " dollar-a-year men "hired by the government, many of which proved ineffective for investigating a sloppy built New Jersey housing project for war workers. [44] [45] The committee is reported to be saved as much as $ 15 billion; [46] [47] [48] [49] put their activities Truman on the cover of Time magazine.[50] According to historical minutes of the Senate, in the leadership of the committee, "Truman his earlier public image deleted as running a starter for Kansas City politician" and "no Senator increasing political advantages Presidency obtained a special committee of inquiry than done Missouri Harry S. Truman. " [51]
After serving as a judge, Truman wanted to run for governor or Congress, but Pendergast rejected these ideas. Truman believed he would serve out his career at the county level in some well-paid sinecures. Instead, after four other men refused Pendergast reluctantly backed Truman as the Democratic candidate in the 1934 US Senate election for Missouri. [35] During the Democratic primary , Truman defeated two congressmen, John J. Cochran and Jacob L. Milligan , with the solid support of Jackson County, which was crucial for his candidacy, as well as the contacts he made hatte.Truman nationwide as District defeated the incumbent Republican, Roscoe C. Patterson , by almost 20 percentage points. [35] [36] [37]
Truman took office with a reputation as "the senator from Pendergast." Although he gave patronage decisions Pendergast, Truman always claimed he voted his conscience. Later the auspices defended decisions so that by a small selection of the machine, he saved a lot. [37] [38] In his first term as US Senator, Truman spoke out against corporate greed and the dangers of Wall Street speculators and other moneyed achieve special interests too much influence in national affairs. [39] He was largely ignored by President Roosevelt, and had difficulty getting calls back to the White House. [37] [40]
In 1940 , United States Attorney Maurice Milligan and former Governor Lloyd Stark Truman called for in the Democratic primary. Truman was politically weakened by Pendergast in prison for tax evasion in the previous year; The senator had remained loyal, claiming that Republican judge, not the Roosevelt administration, responsible for the head of the sinking were. [41] St. Louis Party leader Robert E. Hannegan support Truman proved decisive; he later mediate the deal that put Truman on the national ticket. At the end, Stark and Milligan anti Pendergast vote in the Senate split Democratic primary and Truman won by 8,000 votes. In the November election, Truman defeated Republican Manvel H. Davis by 51% to 49%. [42]
Late traveled in 1940, Truman, a series of military bases. The waste and profiteering he saw led him to his subcommittee chairmanship of the Committee on Military Affairs use to start investigations into abuses as the nation prepared for war. A separate committee, a formal investigation was carried out under Truman set; the Roosevelt administration supports this plan, rather than a hostile weather probe by the House of Representatives.Chairperson of what became known as the " Truman Committee "made him a national figure. [43] Activities of the Truman Committee ranged from criticism of the " dollar-a-year men "hired by the government, many of which proved ineffective for investigating a sloppy built New Jersey housing project for war workers. [44] [45] The committee is reported to be saved as much as $ 15 billion; [46] [47] [48] [49] put their activities Truman on the cover of Time magazine.[50] According to historical minutes of the Senate, in the leadership of the committee, "Truman his earlier public image deleted as running a starter for Kansas City politician" and "no Senator increasing political advantages Presidency obtained a special committee of inquiry than done Missouri Harry S. Truman. " [51]
VICE-PRESIDENCY [ EDIT ]
Vice President Henry Wallace , although among Democratic voters popular, as was friendly too far to the left and to work for some viewed Roosevelt's advisers.Knowing that Roosevelt could not live a fourth term, both the president and some of his confidants wanted Wallace ersetzen.Abgehende Democratic National Committee Chairman Frank C. Walker , incoming Chairman Hannegan, party treasurer Edwin W. Pauley , strategist Ed Flynn , Chicago Mayor Edward Joseph Kelly and lobbyist George E. Allen all wanted to keep Wallace on the ticket. [52] Roosevelt said party leader he would accept either Truman or Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas . State and city party leaders strongly preferred Truman and Roosevelt agreed. Truman not campaign for Vice President place, although he welcomed the attention as evidence that he can be more than the "Senator from Pendergast." [53]
Truman's nomination, called the "Second Missouri Compromise "was well received, and the Roosevelt-Truman ticket went on a 432-99 vote electoral victory in the election, defeating the Republican ticket of Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York and running mate Governor John Bricker of Ohio. Truman was sworn in as vice president on January 20, 1945. [54]
Truman's vice presidential short was relatively uneventful. Roosevelt rarely contacted him, too, to inform you of important decisions; the president and vice president while in office alone met only twice. [55] In one of his first acts as vice president, Truman created some controversy when he disgraced Pendergast funeral. He brushed aside the criticism, saying only: "He was always my friend and I have always been his." [8] He had rarely world affairs or domestic policy discussed with Roosevelt; he was uninformed about important initiatives in the context of the war and the top-secret Manhattan Project , which was about to test the world's first atomic bomb. [56]
Truman had Vice President 82-day, when President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945th [56] That afternoon, under the chairmanship of the Senate Truman, as usual. He had just interrupted the session for the day and was preparing to have a drink in House Speaker Sam Rayburn 's office when he received an urgent message immediately go to the White House. Truman believed that President Roosevelt wanted to meet with him, but Eleanor Roosevelt informed him that her husband died after suffering a massive brain hemorrhage . Truman's first concern was for Mrs. Roosevelt. He asked if he could do something for her, to which she replied, "Is there something we can do for you If you are now in trouble?" [57] [58]
Vice President Henry Wallace , although among Democratic voters popular, as was friendly too far to the left and to work for some viewed Roosevelt's advisers.Knowing that Roosevelt could not live a fourth term, both the president and some of his confidants wanted Wallace ersetzen.Abgehende Democratic National Committee Chairman Frank C. Walker , incoming Chairman Hannegan, party treasurer Edwin W. Pauley , strategist Ed Flynn , Chicago Mayor Edward Joseph Kelly and lobbyist George E. Allen all wanted to keep Wallace on the ticket. [52] Roosevelt said party leader he would accept either Truman or Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas . State and city party leaders strongly preferred Truman and Roosevelt agreed. Truman not campaign for Vice President place, although he welcomed the attention as evidence that he can be more than the "Senator from Pendergast." [53]
Truman's nomination, called the "Second Missouri Compromise "was well received, and the Roosevelt-Truman ticket went on a 432-99 vote electoral victory in the election, defeating the Republican ticket of Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York and running mate Governor John Bricker of Ohio. Truman was sworn in as vice president on January 20, 1945. [54]
Truman's vice presidential short was relatively uneventful. Roosevelt rarely contacted him, too, to inform you of important decisions; the president and vice president while in office alone met only twice. [55] In one of his first acts as vice president, Truman created some controversy when he disgraced Pendergast funeral. He brushed aside the criticism, saying only: "He was always my friend and I have always been his." [8] He had rarely world affairs or domestic policy discussed with Roosevelt; he was uninformed about important initiatives in the context of the war and the top-secret Manhattan Project , which was about to test the world's first atomic bomb. [56]
Truman had Vice President 82-day, when President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945th [56] That afternoon, under the chairmanship of the Senate Truman, as usual. He had just interrupted the session for the day and was preparing to have a drink in House Speaker Sam Rayburn 's office when he received an urgent message immediately go to the White House. Truman believed that President Roosevelt wanted to meet with him, but Eleanor Roosevelt informed him that her husband died after suffering a massive brain hemorrhage . Truman's first concern was for Mrs. Roosevelt. He asked if he could do something for her, to which she replied, "Is there something we can do for you If you are now in trouble?" [57] [58]
PRESIDENTIAL 1945-1953 [ EDIT ]
First term (1945-1949) [ edit ]
Appointed; Atomic bomb [ edit ]
For more details on this topic, see the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki .
Shortly after taking the oath of office, Truman said to reporters:
After assuming the presidency, Truman asked all members of the FDR cabinet to remain in place, and told them that he was open to their advice. He stressed a central principle of his administration :. He be the one to decisions, and they were to support him [61] Although Truman was in short the afternoon of April 12 that the Allies had a new, very destructive weapon, it was not until April 25, the Minister of War Henry Stimson told him the details. Truman benefited from a recovery period after Roosevelt's death, and from the Allied success in Europe, follow-up of the war there. Truman was pleased to issue the proclamation of VE Day on 8 May 1945 his 61st birthday. [62] [63]
We have discovered the most terrible bomb in the history of the world. It may be the fire destruction prophesied in the Euphrates Valley Era, after Noah and his fabulous Ark be.
"
"
Harry Truman to write about the atomic bomb in his diary [64]
As part of the Allied victory, Truman traveled to Europe for the Potsdam Conference . He was there when he learned that the Trinity test of the first atomic bomb on July 16 was successful. He hinted to Joseph Stalin that the US is in the process of a new type of weapon to use against the Japanese. Although this was the first time the Soviets had officially information about the atomic bomb, Stalin was already aware of the bomb project after it (via learned espionage ) long before Truman did. [65] [66] [67]
In August, after the German government refused to surrender requirements Truman authorized the atomic bombing of Japan.Although it was not known how devastating the explosions and the consequences would be, Truman, like most Americans, was not inclined merciful towards the Japanese to be during the long years of war. Truman always said that his decision to Japan to bomb saved lives on both sides; Military estimates for an invasion of the Japanese home islands were, it could take a year and result in 250,000 to 500,000 American casualties. He also knew that the program could cost $ 2000000000, and so he was not inclined to an alternative that could quickly end the war without.Hiroshima was bombed on August 6 and Nagasaki three days later. When the Japanese were slow to emerge, Truman ordered a massive conventional air raid on Tokyo August 13; Japan agreed to surrender the following day. [68] [69]
Proponents of Truman's decision argue that given the stubborn defense of the Japanese islands, saved the bombing hundreds of thousands of lives that would be lost invading mainland Japan have.Others have argued that the use of nuclear weapons was unnecessary and immoral in nature. [70] Truman wrote, later in life, that, "I knew what I was doing when I stopped the war ... I have no regrets and under the same circumstances, I would do it again. " [71]
For more details on this topic, see the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki .
Shortly after taking the oath of office, Truman said to reporters:
After assuming the presidency, Truman asked all members of the FDR cabinet to remain in place, and told them that he was open to their advice. He stressed a central principle of his administration :. He be the one to decisions, and they were to support him [61] Although Truman was in short the afternoon of April 12 that the Allies had a new, very destructive weapon, it was not until April 25, the Minister of War Henry Stimson told him the details. Truman benefited from a recovery period after Roosevelt's death, and from the Allied success in Europe, follow-up of the war there. Truman was pleased to issue the proclamation of VE Day on 8 May 1945 his 61st birthday. [62] [63]
We have discovered the most terrible bomb in the history of the world. It may be the fire destruction prophesied in the Euphrates Valley Era, after Noah and his fabulous Ark be.
"
"
Harry Truman to write about the atomic bomb in his diary [64]
As part of the Allied victory, Truman traveled to Europe for the Potsdam Conference . He was there when he learned that the Trinity test of the first atomic bomb on July 16 was successful. He hinted to Joseph Stalin that the US is in the process of a new type of weapon to use against the Japanese. Although this was the first time the Soviets had officially information about the atomic bomb, Stalin was already aware of the bomb project after it (via learned espionage ) long before Truman did. [65] [66] [67]
In August, after the German government refused to surrender requirements Truman authorized the atomic bombing of Japan.Although it was not known how devastating the explosions and the consequences would be, Truman, like most Americans, was not inclined merciful towards the Japanese to be during the long years of war. Truman always said that his decision to Japan to bomb saved lives on both sides; Military estimates for an invasion of the Japanese home islands were, it could take a year and result in 250,000 to 500,000 American casualties. He also knew that the program could cost $ 2000000000, and so he was not inclined to an alternative that could quickly end the war without.Hiroshima was bombed on August 6 and Nagasaki three days later. When the Japanese were slow to emerge, Truman ordered a massive conventional air raid on Tokyo August 13; Japan agreed to surrender the following day. [68] [69]
Proponents of Truman's decision argue that given the stubborn defense of the Japanese islands, saved the bombing hundreds of thousands of lives that would be lost invading mainland Japan have.Others have argued that the use of nuclear weapons was unnecessary and immoral in nature. [70] Truman wrote, later in life, that, "I knew what I was doing when I stopped the war ... I have no regrets and under the same circumstances, I would do it again. " [71]
Strikes and economic upheaval [ edit ]
See also: strike wave of 1946
The end of World War II was followed by a troubled transition from war to a peacetime economy. The cost of the war effort were enormous, and Truman was anxious decreasing government spending for the military as soon as possible.Demobilization, the military and the reduction in the size of the various services was a cost-saving priority. The effect of the demobilization of the economy was unknown, but concerns were that the nation would slip back into depression.Much of the work was to be done in order to plan how best to peacetime production of goods transition are avoiding mass unemployment for returnees. Government officials had no consensus on what should steer economic course of the postwar US.Moreover, Roosevelt had not taken to Congress in his last years on, and Truman faced a body, where a combination of Republicans and conservative Democrats south formed a powerful voting bloc. [72]
The President was confronted with the revival of labor-management conflicts that had lain dormant during the war years, severe shortages of housing and consumer products and widespread dissatisfaction with inflation, which meet at a point 6% in a single month. [73] At this polarized environment, a wave of destabilization strike was in major industries. Answer Truman, it was generally considered ineffective. [73] A rapid increase in costs was fueled by the release of price controls on most items, and work sought wage increases. A serious steel strike in January 1946 with 800,000 employees-the largest in the nation history was followed by a miners' strike in April and a rail strike May. The public was furious, with a majority in polls favoring a ban on strikes by public employees and a one-year moratorium on work actions. Truman proposed legislation to develop striking workers in the armed forces and in a dramatic personal appearance before Congress could announce settlement of the rail strike. His proposal passed the House of Representatives, but failed in the Senate. [74] [75] For products where price controls remained, producers were often unwilling to artificially low prices for sale: farmers refused to grain for months in 1945 and 1946 for sale until payment has been substantially increased, although grain was urgently needed, not only for home use, but to ward off hunger in Europe. [76]
Although the labor dispute was dampened after the completion of the railway strike, continued it through Truman's presidency.The President of the approval rate fell from 82% in the polls in January 1946 to 52% in June. [77] This dissatisfaction with the policies of the Truman administration led to major Democratic losses in the midterm elections of 1946, when the Republicans control of Congress for the first time since 1930. The 80th Congress included Republican freshmen who would emerge in the coming years, including Wisconsin Senator Joe McCarthy and California Congressman Richard Nixon . When Truman dropped to 32% in the polls, Arkansas Democratic Senator William Fulbright suggested that Truman withdraw; the President said that it does not matter what Senator "Half-brightness" said him. [78] [79]
Truman cooperated closely with the Republican leaders in foreign policy, although he fought them bitterly on domestic issues. The power of the unions was significantly curtailed Taft-Hartley Act , which was enacted over Truman's veto . [80] twice to reduce Truman vetoed bills to income tax rates in 1947. Although the initial vetoes were sustained, overwrote Congress his veto of a tax cut bill in 1948. The parties cooperate on some issues;Congress passes the President Succession Act 1947 so that the Speaker of the House instead of the Secretary of State's turn to the presidency after the vice president. [81]
As he prepares for the 1948 election, Truman made clear his identity as a Democrat in the New Deal tradition, advocating national health insurance , [82] the repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act and an aggressive civil rights program, which he described as a moral priority. Taken together, they formed a broad legislative agenda that came hot " Fair Deal . " [83] Truman proposals were not good by Congress in Congress after 1948 received only one of the most important Fair Deal bills, even with a new Democratic majorities The Housing Act of 1949 , was always enforced. [84] [85] On the other hand, the major New Deal programs were still in operation not canceled, and there were minor improvements and enhancements in many of them. [86]
See also: strike wave of 1946
The end of World War II was followed by a troubled transition from war to a peacetime economy. The cost of the war effort were enormous, and Truman was anxious decreasing government spending for the military as soon as possible.Demobilization, the military and the reduction in the size of the various services was a cost-saving priority. The effect of the demobilization of the economy was unknown, but concerns were that the nation would slip back into depression.Much of the work was to be done in order to plan how best to peacetime production of goods transition are avoiding mass unemployment for returnees. Government officials had no consensus on what should steer economic course of the postwar US.Moreover, Roosevelt had not taken to Congress in his last years on, and Truman faced a body, where a combination of Republicans and conservative Democrats south formed a powerful voting bloc. [72]
The President was confronted with the revival of labor-management conflicts that had lain dormant during the war years, severe shortages of housing and consumer products and widespread dissatisfaction with inflation, which meet at a point 6% in a single month. [73] At this polarized environment, a wave of destabilization strike was in major industries. Answer Truman, it was generally considered ineffective. [73] A rapid increase in costs was fueled by the release of price controls on most items, and work sought wage increases. A serious steel strike in January 1946 with 800,000 employees-the largest in the nation history was followed by a miners' strike in April and a rail strike May. The public was furious, with a majority in polls favoring a ban on strikes by public employees and a one-year moratorium on work actions. Truman proposed legislation to develop striking workers in the armed forces and in a dramatic personal appearance before Congress could announce settlement of the rail strike. His proposal passed the House of Representatives, but failed in the Senate. [74] [75] For products where price controls remained, producers were often unwilling to artificially low prices for sale: farmers refused to grain for months in 1945 and 1946 for sale until payment has been substantially increased, although grain was urgently needed, not only for home use, but to ward off hunger in Europe. [76]
Although the labor dispute was dampened after the completion of the railway strike, continued it through Truman's presidency.The President of the approval rate fell from 82% in the polls in January 1946 to 52% in June. [77] This dissatisfaction with the policies of the Truman administration led to major Democratic losses in the midterm elections of 1946, when the Republicans control of Congress for the first time since 1930. The 80th Congress included Republican freshmen who would emerge in the coming years, including Wisconsin Senator Joe McCarthy and California Congressman Richard Nixon . When Truman dropped to 32% in the polls, Arkansas Democratic Senator William Fulbright suggested that Truman withdraw; the President said that it does not matter what Senator "Half-brightness" said him. [78] [79]
Truman cooperated closely with the Republican leaders in foreign policy, although he fought them bitterly on domestic issues. The power of the unions was significantly curtailed Taft-Hartley Act , which was enacted over Truman's veto . [80] twice to reduce Truman vetoed bills to income tax rates in 1947. Although the initial vetoes were sustained, overwrote Congress his veto of a tax cut bill in 1948. The parties cooperate on some issues;Congress passes the President Succession Act 1947 so that the Speaker of the House instead of the Secretary of State's turn to the presidency after the vice president. [81]
As he prepares for the 1948 election, Truman made clear his identity as a Democrat in the New Deal tradition, advocating national health insurance , [82] the repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act and an aggressive civil rights program, which he described as a moral priority. Taken together, they formed a broad legislative agenda that came hot " Fair Deal . " [83] Truman proposals were not good by Congress in Congress after 1948 received only one of the most important Fair Deal bills, even with a new Democratic majorities The Housing Act of 1949 , was always enforced. [84] [85] On the other hand, the major New Deal programs were still in operation not canceled, and there were minor improvements and enhancements in many of them. [86]
Creation of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan, start the Cold War [ edit ]
As Wilson internationalist Truman strongly supported founding of the United Nations, and included Eleanor Roosevelt on the delegation first of the UN General Assembly . [87] with the Soviet Union expanded its sphere of influence through Eastern Europe, Truman and his foreign policy advisers took a hard line against the USSR. In this, he matched the American public opinion, which quickly came to the Soviets as anxious to see the world domination. [88]
Although he claimed no personal expertise to foreign bodies, won Truman bipartisan support for both the Truman Doctrine , which formalized a policy of the Soviet attitude and the Marshall Plan , for the reconstruction of postwar Europe. [89] [90] To to bring the Congress to the huge sums necessary to spend the moribund European economy new, Truman used an ideological argument, arguing that Communism flourishes in economically disadvantaged areas. [91] As part of the US Cold War strategy Truman signed the National Security Act, 1947 and reorganized forces by merging the Department of War and the Department of the Navy in the National Military Establishment (later Department of Defense ) and the creation of the US Air Force . The act also created the CIA and the National Security Council . [92] In 1952, Truman secretly consolidated and authorized the CryptoLogic elements of the United States through the creation of the National Security Agency (NSA).
As Wilson internationalist Truman strongly supported founding of the United Nations, and included Eleanor Roosevelt on the delegation first of the UN General Assembly . [87] with the Soviet Union expanded its sphere of influence through Eastern Europe, Truman and his foreign policy advisers took a hard line against the USSR. In this, he matched the American public opinion, which quickly came to the Soviets as anxious to see the world domination. [88]
Although he claimed no personal expertise to foreign bodies, won Truman bipartisan support for both the Truman Doctrine , which formalized a policy of the Soviet attitude and the Marshall Plan , for the reconstruction of postwar Europe. [89] [90] To to bring the Congress to the huge sums necessary to spend the moribund European economy new, Truman used an ideological argument, arguing that Communism flourishes in economically disadvantaged areas. [91] As part of the US Cold War strategy Truman signed the National Security Act, 1947 and reorganized forces by merging the Department of War and the Department of the Navy in the National Military Establishment (later Department of Defense ) and the creation of the US Air Force . The act also created the CIA and the National Security Council . [92] In 1952, Truman secretly consolidated and authorized the CryptoLogic elements of the United States through the creation of the National Security Agency (NSA).
Berlin Airlift [ edit ]
For more details on this topic, see Berlin Blockade .
On 24 June 1948, the Soviet Union blocked access to the three western sectors hero of Berlin. The Allies had a deal to guarantee low supply of sectors in the Soviet-occupied zone never negotiated.The commander of the American occupation zone in Germany, General Lucius D. Clay , proposed sending a large armored column in the Soviet occupation zone to West Berlin believed the statement to defend themselves when they stopped or attacked wurden.Truman this would be an unacceptable bring risk of war with itself. He approved Ernest Bevin plan to supply the blocked city from the air. On June 25, the Allies initiated the Berlin airlift delivered as coal, a campaign that food and other supplies, with massive military aircraft. Nothing like it had never been attempted before, and no single nation had the ability to either logistically or materially to have them done. The airlift worked; Ground access was re-issued on May 11, 1949. However, the airlift continued for several months thereafter.The Berlin Airlift was one of the major foreign policy successes Truman; it significantly aided his election campaign in 1948th [93]
For more details on this topic, see Berlin Blockade .
On 24 June 1948, the Soviet Union blocked access to the three western sectors hero of Berlin. The Allies had a deal to guarantee low supply of sectors in the Soviet-occupied zone never negotiated.The commander of the American occupation zone in Germany, General Lucius D. Clay , proposed sending a large armored column in the Soviet occupation zone to West Berlin believed the statement to defend themselves when they stopped or attacked wurden.Truman this would be an unacceptable bring risk of war with itself. He approved Ernest Bevin plan to supply the blocked city from the air. On June 25, the Allies initiated the Berlin airlift delivered as coal, a campaign that food and other supplies, with massive military aircraft. Nothing like it had never been attempted before, and no single nation had the ability to either logistically or materially to have them done. The airlift worked; Ground access was re-issued on May 11, 1949. However, the airlift continued for several months thereafter.The Berlin Airlift was one of the major foreign policy successes Truman; it significantly aided his election campaign in 1948th [93]
Recognition of Israel [ edit ]
Truman had a long time interest in the history of the Middle East, and had read many books on ancient history and the events in the Bible in context. He was sympathetic to those who wanted a Jewish homeland in Palestine Mandate . As a senator he Jewish leaders had assured his support for Zionism , and at a 1943 rally in Chicago had for a homeland for the Jews, who referred survived the Nazi regime. A Jewish homeland in Palestine was very popular in the United States, and the Jewish support could be key in the upcoming presidential elections. However, State Department officials were cautious with the Arabs, who were opposed to the establishment of a Jewish state in their midst beleidigen.Verteidigungsminister James Forrestal warned Truman of the importance of the Saudi Arabian oil in another war; Truman replied that he did his policies on the basis of equity, not the oil.Decide would [94] In addition, when diplomats were called home from the Middle East, advised Truman and promoted the Arab view Truman said he had a few Arabs among its components. [95]
American politicians 1947/48 agreed that the highest foreign policy goal was unfolded containment of Soviet expansion when the Cold War. From the perspective of many officials, Palestine was secondary to the objective of protecting the "Northern Tier" of Greece, Turkey and Iran from Communism, as promised in the Truman Doctrine. [96] Truman was tired of both the tortuous policy the Middle East and the insistence of the Jewish leaders of his term and was undecided about his policies. He later as crucial in its decision, the Jewish state the advice of his old business partner, Eddie Jacobson, a non-religious Jews whom Truman recognize absolutely trustworthy cited. [95] Truman made the decision, Israel recognized over the objections of the Secretary of State George Marshall , who it could harm relations with the Arab states gefürchtet.Marshall believes the paramount threat to the United States, the Soviet Union, and feared that the Arab oil would be lost to the United States in time of war;he warned Truman that the US was "playing with fire with nothing to put it out." [97] Truman recognized the State of Israel on May 14 1948 11 Minutes, after it agreed to a nation . [98] [99 ]
Truman later wrote:
Truman had a long time interest in the history of the Middle East, and had read many books on ancient history and the events in the Bible in context. He was sympathetic to those who wanted a Jewish homeland in Palestine Mandate . As a senator he Jewish leaders had assured his support for Zionism , and at a 1943 rally in Chicago had for a homeland for the Jews, who referred survived the Nazi regime. A Jewish homeland in Palestine was very popular in the United States, and the Jewish support could be key in the upcoming presidential elections. However, State Department officials were cautious with the Arabs, who were opposed to the establishment of a Jewish state in their midst beleidigen.Verteidigungsminister James Forrestal warned Truman of the importance of the Saudi Arabian oil in another war; Truman replied that he did his policies on the basis of equity, not the oil.Decide would [94] In addition, when diplomats were called home from the Middle East, advised Truman and promoted the Arab view Truman said he had a few Arabs among its components. [95]
American politicians 1947/48 agreed that the highest foreign policy goal was unfolded containment of Soviet expansion when the Cold War. From the perspective of many officials, Palestine was secondary to the objective of protecting the "Northern Tier" of Greece, Turkey and Iran from Communism, as promised in the Truman Doctrine. [96] Truman was tired of both the tortuous policy the Middle East and the insistence of the Jewish leaders of his term and was undecided about his policies. He later as crucial in its decision, the Jewish state the advice of his old business partner, Eddie Jacobson, a non-religious Jews whom Truman recognize absolutely trustworthy cited. [95] Truman made the decision, Israel recognized over the objections of the Secretary of State George Marshall , who it could harm relations with the Arab states gefürchtet.Marshall believes the paramount threat to the United States, the Soviet Union, and feared that the Arab oil would be lost to the United States in time of war;he warned Truman that the US was "playing with fire with nothing to put it out." [97] Truman recognized the State of Israel on May 14 1948 11 Minutes, after it agreed to a nation . [98] [99 ]
Truman later wrote:
1948 election [ edit ]
For more details on this topic, see United States presidential election, 1948 .
The 1948 presidential election is remembered for Truman's stunning come-from-behind victory. [101] In the spring of 1948, Truman was public approval rating at 36%, [102] and the President was almost universally regarded as incapable of winning the general choice.The "New Deal "cooperatives within the party, including Roosevelt's son James -tried for the Democratic nomination to vibrate General Dwight D. Eisenhower , a very popular figure whose political views and party affiliation were completely unknown.Eisenhower emphatically refused to accept, and Truman outflanked opponents on his nomination. [101]
At the 1948 Democratic National Convention, Truman, the party tried adding a vague civil unify plank in the party platform; The aim was to appease the internal conflicts between the northern and southern wing of his party. Events took the President's efforts at compromise, however. A sharp address given by Mayor Hubert Humphrey of Minneapolis -as well as the local political interests of a number of urban bosses-convinced the Convention, a stronger civil rights plank that Truman authorized to accept wholeheartedly. All Alabama delegates, and part of the Mississippi, walked out of the Congress in protest. [103] Undeterred Truman delivered an aggressive acceptance speech attacking the 80th Congress, Truman as "Do Nothing Congress", [73] and promising choice to attract and "make these Republicans like it." [104]
Within two weeks of the 1948 Convention Truman issued Executive Order 9981 , racially integrate the US Armed Services[105] [106] [107] and Executive Order 9980, the federal government to integrieren.Truman took considerable political risks in securing civil rights and many experienced Democrats were concerned that the loss of the Dixiecrat support might destroy the Democratic Party. The fear seemed well founded-South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond declared his candidacy for the presidency on a Dixiecrat ticket and conducted a large-scale revolt of the southern " states' rights "advocates. This rebellion on the right was matched by a left on the side of Wallace on the LED Progressive Party Ticket.Unmittelbar after the first post-FDR convention of the Democratic Party found itself disintegrating. Victory in November seemed a remote possibility, not just split with the party, but split three ways. [108] For his running mate, Senator Truman accepted Kentucky Alben W. Barkley , even though he really wanted to Justice William O. Douglas , who must the nomination. [109]
The campaign was a remarkable 21,928 miles (35,290 km) presidential odyssey. [110] In a personal appeal to the nation, Truman crisscrossed the US by train; his " Whistle Stop "speeches from the rear platform of the observation car Ferdinand Magellan came to his campaign to vertreten.Seine combative appearances, as in the marketplace of Harrisburg , Illinois, captured the popular imagination and drew huge crowds. Six stations in Michigan drew a combined half a million people; [111] . a full million turned out for a New York City ticker-tape parade [112]
The large, mostly spontaneous gatherings at Truman railcars events were an important sign of a change in momentum in the campaign, but this shift went virtually unnoticed by the national press corps, which the report Republicans continue to Thomas Dewey 's apparent imminent victory as a certainty. One reason for the press "inaccurate projection was that polls a telephone were mainly by telephone at a time when many people, including a lot of populist Truman basis not have done. [113] This distorts the data to a stronger support base show for Dewey as bestanden.Es led to unintended and undetected projection error that may have contributed to the perception of the gloomy prospects Truman The three major polling organizations stopped polling well ahead of November 2 election date. Roper in September and Crossley and Gallup in October -so that not the time to measure when Truman seems past Dewey have increased. [114] [115]
In the end, Truman held his progressive Midwestern base, most southern states won in spite of the civil rights plank and squealed with narrow victories in a few critical states, especially Ohio, California and Illinois. The final tally showed that the President had 303 electoral votes, Dewey 189 and Thurmond only 39. Henry Wallace was not secured. The defining image of the campaign came after Election Day, when an ecstatic Truman held aloft the erroneous front page of the Chicago Tribune with a huge headline proclaiming " Dewey defeats Truman . " [116]
For more details on this topic, see United States presidential election, 1948 .
The 1948 presidential election is remembered for Truman's stunning come-from-behind victory. [101] In the spring of 1948, Truman was public approval rating at 36%, [102] and the President was almost universally regarded as incapable of winning the general choice.The "New Deal "cooperatives within the party, including Roosevelt's son James -tried for the Democratic nomination to vibrate General Dwight D. Eisenhower , a very popular figure whose political views and party affiliation were completely unknown.Eisenhower emphatically refused to accept, and Truman outflanked opponents on his nomination. [101]
At the 1948 Democratic National Convention, Truman, the party tried adding a vague civil unify plank in the party platform; The aim was to appease the internal conflicts between the northern and southern wing of his party. Events took the President's efforts at compromise, however. A sharp address given by Mayor Hubert Humphrey of Minneapolis -as well as the local political interests of a number of urban bosses-convinced the Convention, a stronger civil rights plank that Truman authorized to accept wholeheartedly. All Alabama delegates, and part of the Mississippi, walked out of the Congress in protest. [103] Undeterred Truman delivered an aggressive acceptance speech attacking the 80th Congress, Truman as "Do Nothing Congress", [73] and promising choice to attract and "make these Republicans like it." [104]
Within two weeks of the 1948 Convention Truman issued Executive Order 9981 , racially integrate the US Armed Services[105] [106] [107] and Executive Order 9980, the federal government to integrieren.Truman took considerable political risks in securing civil rights and many experienced Democrats were concerned that the loss of the Dixiecrat support might destroy the Democratic Party. The fear seemed well founded-South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond declared his candidacy for the presidency on a Dixiecrat ticket and conducted a large-scale revolt of the southern " states' rights "advocates. This rebellion on the right was matched by a left on the side of Wallace on the LED Progressive Party Ticket.Unmittelbar after the first post-FDR convention of the Democratic Party found itself disintegrating. Victory in November seemed a remote possibility, not just split with the party, but split three ways. [108] For his running mate, Senator Truman accepted Kentucky Alben W. Barkley , even though he really wanted to Justice William O. Douglas , who must the nomination. [109]
The campaign was a remarkable 21,928 miles (35,290 km) presidential odyssey. [110] In a personal appeal to the nation, Truman crisscrossed the US by train; his " Whistle Stop "speeches from the rear platform of the observation car Ferdinand Magellan came to his campaign to vertreten.Seine combative appearances, as in the marketplace of Harrisburg , Illinois, captured the popular imagination and drew huge crowds. Six stations in Michigan drew a combined half a million people; [111] . a full million turned out for a New York City ticker-tape parade [112]
The large, mostly spontaneous gatherings at Truman railcars events were an important sign of a change in momentum in the campaign, but this shift went virtually unnoticed by the national press corps, which the report Republicans continue to Thomas Dewey 's apparent imminent victory as a certainty. One reason for the press "inaccurate projection was that polls a telephone were mainly by telephone at a time when many people, including a lot of populist Truman basis not have done. [113] This distorts the data to a stronger support base show for Dewey as bestanden.Es led to unintended and undetected projection error that may have contributed to the perception of the gloomy prospects Truman The three major polling organizations stopped polling well ahead of November 2 election date. Roper in September and Crossley and Gallup in October -so that not the time to measure when Truman seems past Dewey have increased. [114] [115]
In the end, Truman held his progressive Midwestern base, most southern states won in spite of the civil rights plank and squealed with narrow victories in a few critical states, especially Ohio, California and Illinois. The final tally showed that the President had 303 electoral votes, Dewey 189 and Thurmond only 39. Henry Wallace was not secured. The defining image of the campaign came after Election Day, when an ecstatic Truman held aloft the erroneous front page of the Chicago Tribune with a huge headline proclaiming " Dewey defeats Truman . " [116]
Second term (1949-1953) [ edit ]
Truman's inauguration was the first nationally televised. [117] His second term was exhausting, especially because of the foreign policy challenges that directly or indirectly connected with its policy of containment. He had to quickly come up with the end of the American nuclear monopoly; with the information provided by its espionage networks in the United States are available, the Soviet Union atomic bomb project progressed much faster than had been expected, and they detonated the first bomb on August 29, 1949. In response, on January 7, 1953 announced Truman detonation of first US hydrogen bomb . [118]
Truman's inauguration was the first nationally televised. [117] His second term was exhausting, especially because of the foreign policy challenges that directly or indirectly connected with its policy of containment. He had to quickly come up with the end of the American nuclear monopoly; with the information provided by its espionage networks in the United States are available, the Soviet Union atomic bomb project progressed much faster than had been expected, and they detonated the first bomb on August 29, 1949. In response, on January 7, 1953 announced Truman detonation of first US hydrogen bomb . [118]
Korean War [ edit ]
For more details on this topic, see Korean War .
On June 25, 1950, Kim Il-sung "s North Korean People's Army invaded South Korea, the start of the Korean War .In the first weeks of the war, the North Koreans slightly again urged the South. [119] Truman called for a naval blockade of Korea, only that to learn because of budget cuts, the US Navy a similar measure could not be implemented. [120] Truman promptly, the United Nations called on to intervene; it did, authorization troops under the UN flag, led by US General Douglas MacArthur .
Truman decided that he need not be formally approved by Congress to believe that most legislators support his position;. It would come back to him later, when the conflict was stalemate track dubbed by the legislature "Mr. Truman's War" [119 ] However, on July 3, 1950, Truman did give Senate Majority Leader Scott W. Lucas a draft resolution entitled "Joint Resolution expression approval of the action in Korea Taken". Lucas said Congress supported the use of force that the formal dissolution would happen, but was not necessary and that the consensus in Congress was to submit. Truman replied that he did not want "to appear to try to bring the Congress and use except constitutional powers" and Truman added that it "to the Congress, if such a decision should be implemented." [121]
Until August 1950 US troops were pouring in South Korea under United Nations auspices able to stabilize the situation. [122] In response to the criticism, the willingness Truman fired his defense minister, Louis A. Johnson , he retired with the General Marshall replaced. With UN approval, Truman decided on a "rollback" political conquest of North Korea. [123] UN forces under General MacArthur led led the counterattack, scoring a stunning upset win with an amphibious landing at the Battle of Inchon that captures almost the invaders , UN troops then marched north, toward the Yalu River border with China, with the goal of Korean reunification under the auspices of the United Nations. [124] However, China surprised the UN forces with a large-scale invasion in November.The UN troops were forced back under the 38th Latitude , then recovered. [125] By early 1951 the war a violent stalemate at about the 38th parallel, where he had begun. Truman rejected MacArthur's request to Chinese supply bases north of the Yalu attack, but MacArthur are still promoted his plan to Republican House leader Joseph Martin , who leaked to the press. Truman was very worried that could further escalation of the war lead to a conflict with the Soviet Union (with Korean markings and Soviet airmen) to open already supplied weapons and providing combat aircraft. Therefore, on April 11, 1951, Truman fired MacArthur from his commands. [126]
You more hell
I fired him [MacArthur], because he does not respect the authority of the President ... I did not fire him because he was a dumb son of a bitch, though, but that's not against the law for Generäle.Wenn, would the half to three-quarters of them in prison. [127]
Harry S. Truman, quoted time magazine
The dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur was among the least politically popular decisions in Presidential History.Truman's approval ratings plummeted, and he faced calls for his ouster from, among others, Senator Robert Taft . [128] strong criticism from almost all quarters accused Truman refusing to shoulder the blame went to war angry and blame his generals instead. Others, including Eleanor Roosevelt, supported and applauded decision Trumans.MacArthur Meanwhile back in the US to a hero's welcome, and addressed a joint session of Congress, a speech by the President as "a bunch of fucking shit." [129 ]
The war was a frustrating impasse for two years, with more than 30,000 Americans killed until a ceasefire ended the fighting in 1,953th [130] In February 1952 Truman was Approval at 22% according to Gallup polls , which until George W. Bush in 2008, the all-time lowest approval mark for an active American president. [131]
For more details on this topic, see Korean War .
On June 25, 1950, Kim Il-sung "s North Korean People's Army invaded South Korea, the start of the Korean War .In the first weeks of the war, the North Koreans slightly again urged the South. [119] Truman called for a naval blockade of Korea, only that to learn because of budget cuts, the US Navy a similar measure could not be implemented. [120] Truman promptly, the United Nations called on to intervene; it did, authorization troops under the UN flag, led by US General Douglas MacArthur .
Truman decided that he need not be formally approved by Congress to believe that most legislators support his position;. It would come back to him later, when the conflict was stalemate track dubbed by the legislature "Mr. Truman's War" [119 ] However, on July 3, 1950, Truman did give Senate Majority Leader Scott W. Lucas a draft resolution entitled "Joint Resolution expression approval of the action in Korea Taken". Lucas said Congress supported the use of force that the formal dissolution would happen, but was not necessary and that the consensus in Congress was to submit. Truman replied that he did not want "to appear to try to bring the Congress and use except constitutional powers" and Truman added that it "to the Congress, if such a decision should be implemented." [121]
Until August 1950 US troops were pouring in South Korea under United Nations auspices able to stabilize the situation. [122] In response to the criticism, the willingness Truman fired his defense minister, Louis A. Johnson , he retired with the General Marshall replaced. With UN approval, Truman decided on a "rollback" political conquest of North Korea. [123] UN forces under General MacArthur led led the counterattack, scoring a stunning upset win with an amphibious landing at the Battle of Inchon that captures almost the invaders , UN troops then marched north, toward the Yalu River border with China, with the goal of Korean reunification under the auspices of the United Nations. [124] However, China surprised the UN forces with a large-scale invasion in November.The UN troops were forced back under the 38th Latitude , then recovered. [125] By early 1951 the war a violent stalemate at about the 38th parallel, where he had begun. Truman rejected MacArthur's request to Chinese supply bases north of the Yalu attack, but MacArthur are still promoted his plan to Republican House leader Joseph Martin , who leaked to the press. Truman was very worried that could further escalation of the war lead to a conflict with the Soviet Union (with Korean markings and Soviet airmen) to open already supplied weapons and providing combat aircraft. Therefore, on April 11, 1951, Truman fired MacArthur from his commands. [126]
You more hell
I fired him [MacArthur], because he does not respect the authority of the President ... I did not fire him because he was a dumb son of a bitch, though, but that's not against the law for Generäle.Wenn, would the half to three-quarters of them in prison. [127]
Harry S. Truman, quoted time magazine
The dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur was among the least politically popular decisions in Presidential History.Truman's approval ratings plummeted, and he faced calls for his ouster from, among others, Senator Robert Taft . [128] strong criticism from almost all quarters accused Truman refusing to shoulder the blame went to war angry and blame his generals instead. Others, including Eleanor Roosevelt, supported and applauded decision Trumans.MacArthur Meanwhile back in the US to a hero's welcome, and addressed a joint session of Congress, a speech by the President as "a bunch of fucking shit." [129 ]
The war was a frustrating impasse for two years, with more than 30,000 Americans killed until a ceasefire ended the fighting in 1,953th [130] In February 1952 Truman was Approval at 22% according to Gallup polls , which until George W. Bush in 2008, the all-time lowest approval mark for an active American president. [131]
Worldwide Defense [ edit ]
The escalation of the Cold War was highlighted by consent Truman's NSC-68 , a secret statement of foreign policy. He called for a tripling of the defense budget, and globalization and militarization of containment policy, with the US and its NATO allies would respond militarily actual Soviet expansion. The document was designed by Paul Nitze consulted the State and Defense officials; It was officially opened by President Truman as the official national strategy approved by the outbreak of war in Korea. It called for the partial mobilization of the US economy faster Armour to build than the Soviets. The plan for the strengthening of Europe, the weakening of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the US designated militarily and economically. [132] A tragedy, early in the second term, Truman came with the death of US Secretary of Defense Forrestal, soon after his retirement. Forrestal had burned out through years of hard work during and after the war, and began to suffer mental health problems. He retired in March 1949;Shortly thereafter he was hospitalized and committed suicide in May. [133]
Truman was a strong supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO), the formal peacetime military alliance with Canada and many of the democratic European states that had not fallen under Soviet control after World War established.The Treaty establishing it was very popular and passed the Senate in 1949, slightly;Truman appointed General Eisenhower as Commander in Chief. NATO's objectives were to contain Soviet expansion in Europe and a strong message to the Communist leaders, the world's democracies were willing and able new security structures to support democratic ideals Send to build.The United States, Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Portugal, Iceland and Canada signed the original contract. The Alliance led to the Soviets to launch a similar alliance, known as the Warsaw Pact . [134] [135]
General Marshall was Truman's principal adviser on foreign policy matters, such decisions affect how the US election not to direct military aid to offer Chiang Kai-shek and his Nationalist Chinese forces in the Chinese civil war against their Communist enemies. Opinion Marshall was against the advice of almost all Truman other consultants he saw that even propping up Chaing troops would be US needs to run resources in Europe in order to prevent the Soviets. [136] When the Communists control of the mainland leave, the Nationalists to Taiwan and the founding of the People's Republic of China , Truman would ready been keeping a relationship between the US and the new government, but Mao was not ready. [137] In June 1950, Truman ordered the US Navy's Seventh Fleet in the Strait of Taiwan to further conflict between the communist government in mainland China and prevent Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. [138]
The escalation of the Cold War was highlighted by consent Truman's NSC-68 , a secret statement of foreign policy. He called for a tripling of the defense budget, and globalization and militarization of containment policy, with the US and its NATO allies would respond militarily actual Soviet expansion. The document was designed by Paul Nitze consulted the State and Defense officials; It was officially opened by President Truman as the official national strategy approved by the outbreak of war in Korea. It called for the partial mobilization of the US economy faster Armour to build than the Soviets. The plan for the strengthening of Europe, the weakening of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the US designated militarily and economically. [132] A tragedy, early in the second term, Truman came with the death of US Secretary of Defense Forrestal, soon after his retirement. Forrestal had burned out through years of hard work during and after the war, and began to suffer mental health problems. He retired in March 1949;Shortly thereafter he was hospitalized and committed suicide in May. [133]
Truman was a strong supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO), the formal peacetime military alliance with Canada and many of the democratic European states that had not fallen under Soviet control after World War established.The Treaty establishing it was very popular and passed the Senate in 1949, slightly;Truman appointed General Eisenhower as Commander in Chief. NATO's objectives were to contain Soviet expansion in Europe and a strong message to the Communist leaders, the world's democracies were willing and able new security structures to support democratic ideals Send to build.The United States, Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Portugal, Iceland and Canada signed the original contract. The Alliance led to the Soviets to launch a similar alliance, known as the Warsaw Pact . [134] [135]
General Marshall was Truman's principal adviser on foreign policy matters, such decisions affect how the US election not to direct military aid to offer Chiang Kai-shek and his Nationalist Chinese forces in the Chinese civil war against their Communist enemies. Opinion Marshall was against the advice of almost all Truman other consultants he saw that even propping up Chaing troops would be US needs to run resources in Europe in order to prevent the Soviets. [136] When the Communists control of the mainland leave, the Nationalists to Taiwan and the founding of the People's Republic of China , Truman would ready been keeping a relationship between the US and the new government, but Mao was not ready. [137] In June 1950, Truman ordered the US Navy's Seventh Fleet in the Strait of Taiwan to further conflict between the communist government in mainland China and prevent Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. [138]
Soviet espionage and McCarthyism [ edit ]
In August 1948 Whittaker Chambers , a former spy for the Soviets and a senior editor at Time magazine, testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) states that an underground communist network had worked in the US government since the 1930s, Chambers of whom was a member, along with Alger Hiss , until recently a senior official of the Außenministeriums.Obwohl Hiss denied the allegations, he was sentenced in January 1950 for perjury for his denials under oath.Success of the Soviet Union in exploding a nuclear weapon in 1949 and the overthrow of the nationalist Chinese same year, many Americans led to the conclusion that subversion of Soviet spies was responsible, and to request that the Communists be rooted out of the government and other places of influence. [139] [140] However, Truman not fully share such opinions. He called famous Hiss trial a "red herring" and the Ministry of Justice was moving to indict Chambers instead Hiss for perjury. [141]
After Hiss conviction, Secretary of State Dean Acheson announced that he was standing by him. These and other events, such as the revelation that British atomic scientist Klaus Fuchs was a spy, led current and former members of the HUAC, including Congressman Nixon of California and Karl Mundt of South Dakota to Truman and his government, in particular the State Department denounced as soft on Kommunismus.Wisconsin Senator McCarthy used a Lincoln Day speech in Wheeling, West Virginia to the State Department accused of harboring communists, and rode the controversy surrounding political fame. [142] In the following years, Republicans used Hiss Conviction the Democrats for harboring communists scourge in the government; Congressman Nixon won the election to the Senate in 1950 on an anti-communist platform, defeating the Liberal Helen Gahagan Douglas , whom he described as "Pink Lady". [143]
Charges that Soviet agents had the government was infiltrated accepted by 78% of people in 1946, and became a major campaign issue for Eisenhower 1,952th [144] Truman hesitated, taking a more radical stance because he feared that full disclosure of the extent of communist infiltration would reflect badly on the Democratic Party. This is reflected, among other things, in his interview of 1956, in which he denied that Alger Hiss has ever been a Communist, a full six years after Hiss's conviction for perjury been. [145] In 1949, he called the American Communist leaders, or their management was the persecution , "traitors", but in 1950 he vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Act was, but passed on his veto. [146] Truman later state in private conversations with friends that his establishment of a loyalty program was a "terrible "error. [147]
In August 1948 Whittaker Chambers , a former spy for the Soviets and a senior editor at Time magazine, testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) states that an underground communist network had worked in the US government since the 1930s, Chambers of whom was a member, along with Alger Hiss , until recently a senior official of the Außenministeriums.Obwohl Hiss denied the allegations, he was sentenced in January 1950 for perjury for his denials under oath.Success of the Soviet Union in exploding a nuclear weapon in 1949 and the overthrow of the nationalist Chinese same year, many Americans led to the conclusion that subversion of Soviet spies was responsible, and to request that the Communists be rooted out of the government and other places of influence. [139] [140] However, Truman not fully share such opinions. He called famous Hiss trial a "red herring" and the Ministry of Justice was moving to indict Chambers instead Hiss for perjury. [141]
After Hiss conviction, Secretary of State Dean Acheson announced that he was standing by him. These and other events, such as the revelation that British atomic scientist Klaus Fuchs was a spy, led current and former members of the HUAC, including Congressman Nixon of California and Karl Mundt of South Dakota to Truman and his government, in particular the State Department denounced as soft on Kommunismus.Wisconsin Senator McCarthy used a Lincoln Day speech in Wheeling, West Virginia to the State Department accused of harboring communists, and rode the controversy surrounding political fame. [142] In the following years, Republicans used Hiss Conviction the Democrats for harboring communists scourge in the government; Congressman Nixon won the election to the Senate in 1950 on an anti-communist platform, defeating the Liberal Helen Gahagan Douglas , whom he described as "Pink Lady". [143]
Charges that Soviet agents had the government was infiltrated accepted by 78% of people in 1946, and became a major campaign issue for Eisenhower 1,952th [144] Truman hesitated, taking a more radical stance because he feared that full disclosure of the extent of communist infiltration would reflect badly on the Democratic Party. This is reflected, among other things, in his interview of 1956, in which he denied that Alger Hiss has ever been a Communist, a full six years after Hiss's conviction for perjury been. [145] In 1949, he called the American Communist leaders, or their management was the persecution , "traitors", but in 1950 he vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Act was, but passed on his veto. [146] Truman later state in private conversations with friends that his establishment of a loyalty program was a "terrible "error. [147]
White House renovations;Assassination [ edit ]
For more details on this topic, see Truman assassination attempt .
In 1948, Truman ordered a controversial addition to the outside of the White House , "a balcony on the first floor of the south portico, when it was Truman Balcony . "The addition was unpopular; Some said they spoiled the appearance of the south facade, but it was the first family more living space. [148] [149] [150] The work revealed structural defects, the engineering experts to conclude that the building, much of it on 130 years, was in a dangerous dilapidated condition. The August collapsed part of the floor and Truman's own bedroom and bathroom were closed as unsafe. No public notice of the serious structural problems of the White House was won only after the election of 1948, by which time Truman had been informed that his new balcony was the only part of the building that was sound. As a result, the family moved Truman near Blair House . As the newer West Wing , including the Oval Office , remained open, Truman found himself working across the street to walk on every morning and afternoon. In due course, the decision was made to demolish and rebuild the entire interior of the main White House again, and dig new basements and underpin the basics. The famous exterior of the structure has not been supported and retained during the renovation went inside. The work lasted from December 1949 to March 1952. [151]
Steel and coal strikes [ edit ] On November 1, 1950 Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted murder Truman at Blair House.The attack, which was simply the president's life had taken, drew new attention to safety concerns surrounding residence Truman at Blair House. He had jumped up from a nap and watched the shooting of his open bedroom window until a passerby shouted at him to take cover.Deadly on the street in front of the residence, Torresola wounded a White House policeman, Leslie Coffelt . Before he died, shot and killed the officer Torresola.Collazo, as co-conspirators in a felony that turned into a murder case, was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death in 1952 Truman later commuted his sentence to life imprisonment. In recognition of the importance of the question of Puerto Rican independence, Truman allowed a referendum in Puerto Rico in 1952 to determine the status of their relationship with the US [152] [153] voted Almost 82% of the population for a new constitution, the Estado Libre associado. [154]
For more details on this topic, see 1952 steel strike .
In response to a labor / management impasse of bitter disagreements over wage and price controls, Truman instructed his Economy Minister , Charles W. Sawyer to take control of a number of steel mills of the nation in April 1952 Truman cited his authority as Commander in Chief and the need to maintain an uninterrupted supply of steel for ammunition to be used in the war in Korea. The Supreme Court found Truman's actions unconstitutional, however, and vice versa, the order in a large separation-of-powers decision, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer .The 6-3 decision, which held that Truman's assertion of authority was too vague and was rooted in any legislative action by Congress, was delivered by a court appointed exclusively of judges by either Truman or Roosevelt. The High Court reversed Truman's order was one of the notable defeats his presidency. [155]
For more details on this topic, see Truman assassination attempt .
In 1948, Truman ordered a controversial addition to the outside of the White House , "a balcony on the first floor of the south portico, when it was Truman Balcony . "The addition was unpopular; Some said they spoiled the appearance of the south facade, but it was the first family more living space. [148] [149] [150] The work revealed structural defects, the engineering experts to conclude that the building, much of it on 130 years, was in a dangerous dilapidated condition. The August collapsed part of the floor and Truman's own bedroom and bathroom were closed as unsafe. No public notice of the serious structural problems of the White House was won only after the election of 1948, by which time Truman had been informed that his new balcony was the only part of the building that was sound. As a result, the family moved Truman near Blair House . As the newer West Wing , including the Oval Office , remained open, Truman found himself working across the street to walk on every morning and afternoon. In due course, the decision was made to demolish and rebuild the entire interior of the main White House again, and dig new basements and underpin the basics. The famous exterior of the structure has not been supported and retained during the renovation went inside. The work lasted from December 1949 to March 1952. [151]
Steel and coal strikes [ edit ] On November 1, 1950 Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted murder Truman at Blair House.The attack, which was simply the president's life had taken, drew new attention to safety concerns surrounding residence Truman at Blair House. He had jumped up from a nap and watched the shooting of his open bedroom window until a passerby shouted at him to take cover.Deadly on the street in front of the residence, Torresola wounded a White House policeman, Leslie Coffelt . Before he died, shot and killed the officer Torresola.Collazo, as co-conspirators in a felony that turned into a murder case, was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death in 1952 Truman later commuted his sentence to life imprisonment. In recognition of the importance of the question of Puerto Rican independence, Truman allowed a referendum in Puerto Rico in 1952 to determine the status of their relationship with the US [152] [153] voted Almost 82% of the population for a new constitution, the Estado Libre associado. [154]
For more details on this topic, see 1952 steel strike .
In response to a labor / management impasse of bitter disagreements over wage and price controls, Truman instructed his Economy Minister , Charles W. Sawyer to take control of a number of steel mills of the nation in April 1952 Truman cited his authority as Commander in Chief and the need to maintain an uninterrupted supply of steel for ammunition to be used in the war in Korea. The Supreme Court found Truman's actions unconstitutional, however, and vice versa, the order in a large separation-of-powers decision, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer .The 6-3 decision, which held that Truman's assertion of authority was too vague and was rooted in any legislative action by Congress, was delivered by a court appointed exclusively of judges by either Truman or Roosevelt. The High Court reversed Truman's order was one of the notable defeats his presidency. [155]
Scandals and controversies [ Edit ]
In 1950, the Senate, led by Estes Kefauver numerous allegations of corruption among senior administration officials sought, some of which get fur coats and freezers in exchange for favors. A large number of employees of the Internal Revenue Bureau (now the IRS) were accepting bribes; 166 employees either resigned or were dismissed in 1950, [156] with many soon face prosecution.When Attorney General J. Howard McGrath fired the special prosecutor in early 1952 as too eager Truman fired McGrath. [157] Truman submitted a reorganization plan to reform the IRB;Passed Congress, but corruption is a major problem in the 1952 presidential election. [158] [159]
On December 6, 1950 music critic Paul Hume wrote a critical review of a concert by Margaret Truman
Harry Truman wrote a scathing response:
Truman was criticized by many for the letter. However, he pointed out that he wrote it as a loving father and not as president. [161] [162] [163]
1951 William M. Boyle , Truman's longtime friend and chairman of the Democratic National Committee was forced after he accused of financial corruption resign.
In 1950, the Senate, led by Estes Kefauver numerous allegations of corruption among senior administration officials sought, some of which get fur coats and freezers in exchange for favors. A large number of employees of the Internal Revenue Bureau (now the IRS) were accepting bribes; 166 employees either resigned or were dismissed in 1950, [156] with many soon face prosecution.When Attorney General J. Howard McGrath fired the special prosecutor in early 1952 as too eager Truman fired McGrath. [157] Truman submitted a reorganization plan to reform the IRB;Passed Congress, but corruption is a major problem in the 1952 presidential election. [158] [159]
On December 6, 1950 music critic Paul Hume wrote a critical review of a concert by Margaret Truman
Harry Truman wrote a scathing response:
Truman was criticized by many for the letter. However, he pointed out that he wrote it as a loving father and not as president. [161] [162] [163]
1951 William M. Boyle , Truman's longtime friend and chairman of the Democratic National Committee was forced after he accused of financial corruption resign.
Civil rights [ edit ]
Further information: President Committee for Civil Rights
A report in 1947 by the Truman administration entitled to secure these rights , a detailed ten-point agenda of civil rights reform. In February 1948, the President submitted a civil rights agenda to Congress, the creation of several federal agencies on topics such as dedicated proposed voting rights and fair employment practices. [164] This provoked a storm of criticism from Southern Democrats in the run-up to the national nominating convention, but Truman refused to compromise with the words: "My ancestors were Confederates ... but my stomach turned when I learned that Negro soldiers, just back from overseas were thrown and beaten by army trucks in Mississippi." [165] Tales of abuse, violence and persecution by many African American veterans upon their return from the Second World War suffered angry Truman and were an important factor in his decision to issue Executive Order 9981 , in July 1948 desegregation and equal requiring opportunity in the armed forces. [166 ] After several years of planning, recommendations and revisions between Truman, the Committee on equal treatment and opportunities and the various branches of the military was racially integrated army units. [167]
Another executive order in 1948, made it illegal, against people who discriminate on grounds of race in public service. A third, in 1951, was the Committee on Government Contract Compliance (CGCC) .This Committee ensures that defense companies do not discriminate because of race. [168] [169]
Further information: President Committee for Civil Rights
A report in 1947 by the Truman administration entitled to secure these rights , a detailed ten-point agenda of civil rights reform. In February 1948, the President submitted a civil rights agenda to Congress, the creation of several federal agencies on topics such as dedicated proposed voting rights and fair employment practices. [164] This provoked a storm of criticism from Southern Democrats in the run-up to the national nominating convention, but Truman refused to compromise with the words: "My ancestors were Confederates ... but my stomach turned when I learned that Negro soldiers, just back from overseas were thrown and beaten by army trucks in Mississippi." [165] Tales of abuse, violence and persecution by many African American veterans upon their return from the Second World War suffered angry Truman and were an important factor in his decision to issue Executive Order 9981 , in July 1948 desegregation and equal requiring opportunity in the armed forces. [166 ] After several years of planning, recommendations and revisions between Truman, the Committee on equal treatment and opportunities and the various branches of the military was racially integrated army units. [167]
Another executive order in 1948, made it illegal, against people who discriminate on grounds of race in public service. A third, in 1951, was the Committee on Government Contract Compliance (CGCC) .This Committee ensures that defense companies do not discriminate because of race. [168] [169]
Administration and Cabinet [ edit ]
All Cabinet members when Truman became president in 1945, was appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt.
All Cabinet members when Truman became president in 1945, was appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Main article: Harry S. Truman Supreme Court candidates
Truman appointed the following judges of the Supreme Court :
- Harold Hitz Burton - 1945
- Fred M. Vinson ( Chief Justice ) - 1946
- Tom C. Clark - 1949
- Sherman Minton - 1949
Appointment of judges Truman have been called by critics "inexcusable." [170] A former Truman aide confided that it was the weakest aspect of Truman's presidency. [170] The New York Times condemned the appointment of Tom C. Clark and Sherman Minton in particular As examples of nepotism and favoritism for unqualified candidates. [170]
The four appointed by Truman judge stood with Judge Felix Frankfurter , Robert H. Jackson , and Stanley Reed to create a substantial seven-member conservative bloc on the Supreme Court. [170] This said the court for a time on the conservatism of the 1920s. [170]
Main article: Harry S. Truman Supreme Court candidates
Truman appointed the following judges of the Supreme Court :
- Harold Hitz Burton - 1945
- Fred M. Vinson ( Chief Justice ) - 1946
- Tom C. Clark - 1949
- Sherman Minton - 1949
Appointment of judges Truman have been called by critics "inexcusable." [170] A former Truman aide confided that it was the weakest aspect of Truman's presidency. [170] The New York Times condemned the appointment of Tom C. Clark and Sherman Minton in particular As examples of nepotism and favoritism for unqualified candidates. [170]
The four appointed by Truman judge stood with Judge Felix Frankfurter , Robert H. Jackson , and Stanley Reed to create a substantial seven-member conservative bloc on the Supreme Court. [170] This said the court for a time on the conservatism of the 1920s. [170]
Other courts [ edit ]
Main article: Harry S. Truman appointment of judges
In addition to his four Supreme Court appointments, Truman appointed 27 judges to the Courts of Appeals , and 101 judges federal courts . [171]
Main article: Harry S. Truman appointment of judges
In addition to his four Supreme Court appointments, Truman appointed 27 judges to the Courts of Appeals , and 101 judges federal courts . [171]
1952 election [ edit ]
For more details on this topic, see United States presidential election, 1952 .
In 1951, the US ratified the 22nd Change , so that after a President of previously selected a president does not stand for election to a third term or for election to a second full time. more than two years remaining in a term The latter situation would clause Truman's 1952 except that advertised a've grandfather clause in the amendment expressly excluded from the application to change the current President. [172]
At the time of the 1952 New Hampshire primary, no candidate had won Truman's backing. His first choice, Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson , had refused to run;Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson had a Truman below, Vice President Barkley was considered too old [173] [174] and Truman distrusted and disliked Senator Kefauver, who had made a name for his investigations of the Truman administration scandals. Truman had hoped to recruit General Eisenhower as a Democratic candidate, but found it more interesting to look for the Republican Nominierung.Dementsprechend Truman let his name be entered in the New Hampshire primary trailers. The highly unpopular Truman was handily defeated by Kefauver; 18 days later, the president announced that he would be a second full term not to suchen.Truman was finally able to talk Stevenson to run, and the governor won the nomination at the 1952 Democratic National Convention . [175]
Harry S. Truman's speech on leaving office, and return home to Independence, Missouri. (15 January 1953)
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Eisenhower won the Republican nomination, Senator Nixon as his running mate, and campaigned against what he denounced as Truman's failures: "Korea, Communism and Corruption". He promised to clean up the "chaos in Washington," [173] [174] and promised to "go to Korea." [176] Eisenhower defeated Stevenson instrumental in the general election , ending 20 years democratic president.While Truman and Eisenhower had previously been good friends, Truman felt betrayed that Eisenhower not to denounce Joseph McCarthy during the campaign.[177] Similarly, Eisenhower was outraged when Truman, who made a whistle tour in support of Stevenson threw the former general neglect of the "sinister forces ... anti-Semitism, anti-Catholicism and anti-foreignism" within the Republican Party. [178] Eisenhower was so outraged that he did not threaten, the usual ride down Pennsylvania Avenue to the outgoing president before the inauguration make, but Truman meet on the steps of the Capitol, where the swearing takes place. [178]
For more details on this topic, see United States presidential election, 1952 .
In 1951, the US ratified the 22nd Change , so that after a President of previously selected a president does not stand for election to a third term or for election to a second full time. more than two years remaining in a term The latter situation would clause Truman's 1952 except that advertised a've grandfather clause in the amendment expressly excluded from the application to change the current President. [172]
At the time of the 1952 New Hampshire primary, no candidate had won Truman's backing. His first choice, Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson , had refused to run;Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson had a Truman below, Vice President Barkley was considered too old [173] [174] and Truman distrusted and disliked Senator Kefauver, who had made a name for his investigations of the Truman administration scandals. Truman had hoped to recruit General Eisenhower as a Democratic candidate, but found it more interesting to look for the Republican Nominierung.Dementsprechend Truman let his name be entered in the New Hampshire primary trailers. The highly unpopular Truman was handily defeated by Kefauver; 18 days later, the president announced that he would be a second full term not to suchen.Truman was finally able to talk Stevenson to run, and the governor won the nomination at the 1952 Democratic National Convention . [175]
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Harry S. Truman's speech on leaving office, and return home to Independence, Missouri. (15 January 1953)
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Eisenhower won the Republican nomination, Senator Nixon as his running mate, and campaigned against what he denounced as Truman's failures: "Korea, Communism and Corruption". He promised to clean up the "chaos in Washington," [173] [174] and promised to "go to Korea." [176] Eisenhower defeated Stevenson instrumental in the general election , ending 20 years democratic president.While Truman and Eisenhower had previously been good friends, Truman felt betrayed that Eisenhower not to denounce Joseph McCarthy during the campaign.[177] Similarly, Eisenhower was outraged when Truman, who made a whistle tour in support of Stevenson threw the former general neglect of the "sinister forces ... anti-Semitism, anti-Catholicism and anti-foreignism" within the Republican Party. [178] Eisenhower was so outraged that he did not threaten, the usual ride down Pennsylvania Avenue to the outgoing president before the inauguration make, but Truman meet on the steps of the Capitol, where the swearing takes place. [178]
POST-PRESIDENTIAL [ EDIT ]
Upon leaving the presidency, Truman returned to Independence, Missouri, at the Wallace home he and Bess for years had shared with her mother to live. [179] Once out of office, quickly decided Truman that he did not want on each company be payroll to believe that the benefits of such financial opportunities would diminish the integrity of the highest office in the nation. He also turned down numerous offers for commercial endorsements. As was the former things proved unsuccessful, he had no personal savings. As a result, he provided financial challenges. After Truman left the White House, his only income was his old army pension: $ 112.56 per month. [180] Former members of Congress and the federal courts received a federal pension package; Self-assured President Truman that the former minister of the executive received similar support. In 1953, there was no such package for former presidents, [181] and he will not get any pension for his Senate service. [182]
Truman took a personal loan from a bank Missouri shortly after leaving office, and set about building another precedent for future former directors :. A book deal for his memoirs of his time in office Ulysses S. Grant had overcome similar financial problems with his own memoirs, but the book was published posthumously, and he refused to write about life in the White House in every detail. For the memoirs, Truman received only a flat amount of $ 670,000 and had two-thirds of that pay in taxes; , he calculated he earned $ 37,000 after he paid his assistants [183] However, were the memoirs of a commercial and critical success; [184] [185] they were published in two volumes in 1955 and 1956 by Doubleday (Garden City, NY) and Hodder & Stoughton (London): Memoirs by Harry S. Truman: Year of Decisions and Memoirs by Harry S. Truman years of trial and hope . [186] [187]
The former president was in 1957 with the words of then-House Majority Leader quotes John McCormack not, "Would not it for the fact that I was capable of a property that my brother, sister to sell, and I inherited from our mother, I would be practical for relief, but with the sale of that property I am not financially embarrassed. " [188] The following year, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act and provides a $ 25,000 annual pension to each ex-president, and it is likely . that the financial status Truman played a role in the law enactment [181] The only other living former president at the time, Herbert Hoover , also took the pension, even if he does not need the money, according to reports, he has so to embarrassing Truman to be avoided. [189]
Truman's predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt had organized his own presidential library allow, but legislation to future presidents, something similar had not adopted to do. Truman worked to collect private donations to a presidential library, which he donated to accepted for further operation-a practice of his successors to build the federal government. [190] copied to have appropriated He testified before Congress money, presidential papers and organized, and was proud of passage of the bill in 1957. Max Skidmore, in his book on the life of former President pointed out that Truman was a well-read man, especially in history. Skidmore added that the presidential papers legislation and the establishment of his library "was the highlight of his interest in history. Together, they have a huge contribution to the US-one of the greatest of all the former president is." [191]
Adlai Stevenson Truman support second bid for the White House in 1956, although he initially favored Democratic Governor W. Averell Harriman of New York. [192] He continued to work for Democratic Senate candidate for many years. [193] After turning 80 in 1964, Truman was celebrated in Washington, and addressed the Senate, makes use of a new rule, the former allowed President to be granted privileges of the floor . [194] After a fall at his home in the end of 1964 decreased his physical condition. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Medicare bill at the Harry S. Truman Library & Museum and gave the first two Medicare cards to Truman and his wife Bess, the former president fight for honor Healthcare Government in office. [ 193]
Upon leaving the presidency, Truman returned to Independence, Missouri, at the Wallace home he and Bess for years had shared with her mother to live. [179] Once out of office, quickly decided Truman that he did not want on each company be payroll to believe that the benefits of such financial opportunities would diminish the integrity of the highest office in the nation. He also turned down numerous offers for commercial endorsements. As was the former things proved unsuccessful, he had no personal savings. As a result, he provided financial challenges. After Truman left the White House, his only income was his old army pension: $ 112.56 per month. [180] Former members of Congress and the federal courts received a federal pension package; Self-assured President Truman that the former minister of the executive received similar support. In 1953, there was no such package for former presidents, [181] and he will not get any pension for his Senate service. [182]
Truman took a personal loan from a bank Missouri shortly after leaving office, and set about building another precedent for future former directors :. A book deal for his memoirs of his time in office Ulysses S. Grant had overcome similar financial problems with his own memoirs, but the book was published posthumously, and he refused to write about life in the White House in every detail. For the memoirs, Truman received only a flat amount of $ 670,000 and had two-thirds of that pay in taxes; , he calculated he earned $ 37,000 after he paid his assistants [183] However, were the memoirs of a commercial and critical success; [184] [185] they were published in two volumes in 1955 and 1956 by Doubleday (Garden City, NY) and Hodder & Stoughton (London): Memoirs by Harry S. Truman: Year of Decisions and Memoirs by Harry S. Truman years of trial and hope . [186] [187]
The former president was in 1957 with the words of then-House Majority Leader quotes John McCormack not, "Would not it for the fact that I was capable of a property that my brother, sister to sell, and I inherited from our mother, I would be practical for relief, but with the sale of that property I am not financially embarrassed. " [188] The following year, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act and provides a $ 25,000 annual pension to each ex-president, and it is likely . that the financial status Truman played a role in the law enactment [181] The only other living former president at the time, Herbert Hoover , also took the pension, even if he does not need the money, according to reports, he has so to embarrassing Truman to be avoided. [189]
Truman's predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt had organized his own presidential library allow, but legislation to future presidents, something similar had not adopted to do. Truman worked to collect private donations to a presidential library, which he donated to accepted for further operation-a practice of his successors to build the federal government. [190] copied to have appropriated He testified before Congress money, presidential papers and organized, and was proud of passage of the bill in 1957. Max Skidmore, in his book on the life of former President pointed out that Truman was a well-read man, especially in history. Skidmore added that the presidential papers legislation and the establishment of his library "was the highlight of his interest in history. Together, they have a huge contribution to the US-one of the greatest of all the former president is." [191]
Adlai Stevenson Truman support second bid for the White House in 1956, although he initially favored Democratic Governor W. Averell Harriman of New York. [192] He continued to work for Democratic Senate candidate for many years. [193] After turning 80 in 1964, Truman was celebrated in Washington, and addressed the Senate, makes use of a new rule, the former allowed President to be granted privileges of the floor . [194] After a fall at his home in the end of 1964 decreased his physical condition. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Medicare bill at the Harry S. Truman Library & Museum and gave the first two Medicare cards to Truman and his wife Bess, the former president fight for honor Healthcare Government in office. [ 193]
DEATH [ EDIT ]
On December 5, 1972 Truman was admitted to Kansas City Hospital and Medical Center with lung congestion from pneumonia . He developed multiple organ failure and died at 7:50 clock on 26 December at the age of 88th [179] Bess Truman decided to use a simple private service in the library for her husband rather than a state funeral in Washington. A week after the funeral, foreign dignitaries and Washington officials attended a memorial service at Washington National Cathedral . Bess died in 1982; both are buried at the Harry S. Truman Library & Museum in Independence. [195] [196]
On December 5, 1972 Truman was admitted to Kansas City Hospital and Medical Center with lung congestion from pneumonia . He developed multiple organ failure and died at 7:50 clock on 26 December at the age of 88th [179] Bess Truman decided to use a simple private service in the library for her husband rather than a state funeral in Washington. A week after the funeral, foreign dignitaries and Washington officials attended a memorial service at Washington National Cathedral . Bess died in 1982; both are buried at the Harry S. Truman Library & Museum in Independence. [195] [196]
TRIBUTES AND LEGACY [ EDIT ]
Legacy [ edit ]
Citing continuing divisions within the Democratic Party, the continuing Cold War and the boom and bust cycle, an American Political Science Association award-winning 1952 book explains that "hectic, even angry, activity seemed to be the nation after seven years of being on Truman the same general spot than when he is able to record for the first time after office ... Nowhere in the whole Truman a point on a single, decisive breakthrough ... All of his abilities and energies, and he was -were among our most industrious President for are addressed yet. " [197] When he left office in 1953, Truman was one of the most disliked CEOs in the Geschichte.Sein job approval rating of 22% in the Gallup poll from February 1952, less than 24% of Richard Nixon in August 1974, the month that Nixon resigned.
American public feeling toward Truman grew steadily warmer over the years; In 1962, a survey of 75 historians under the direction of Arthur Meier Schlesinger Place Truman among the "near great" presidents. The time after his death consolidated a partial rehabilitation of his legacy both historians and members of the public. [198] Truman died when the nation with crises consumed Vietnam and Watergate , and his death brought a new wave of attention to his political career. [127] In the early and mid-1970s, recorded Truman the popular imagination much as he had in 1948, this time, many as a kind of political folk hero, a president who was thought to illustrate an integrity and accountability observers felt was missing in the Nixon White House . This public reassessment of Truman was the popularity of a book of memoirs, Truman had the journalist told Aided Merle Miller 1961 Beginning with the understanding that they are published only after Truman's death. [199]
Truman had his modern critics as well.After reviewing the information on the presence of espionage in the US government provided Truman, Democratic Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan concluded that Truman was "almost willfully obtuse" about the danger of American communism. [200] In 2010, graduated historian Alonzo Hamby that "Harry Truman remains a controversial president." [201] However, since out of office, Truman has fared in polls ranking the presidents . He has never been performed lower than ninth and finished fifth in a ranked free C-SPAN survey in the year of 2009. [202]
The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 caused Truman advocates justification for decisions Truman to achieve in the postwar period. After Truman biographer Robert Dallek, "His contribution to victory in the Cold War without devastating nuclear issue raised him to the stature of a great or near-great president." [203] The 1992 publication of David McCollough 's cheaper biography of Truman further cemented the view of Truman High respected chief executive. [203] According to historian Daniel R. McCoy in his book on the Truman Presidency
Citing continuing divisions within the Democratic Party, the continuing Cold War and the boom and bust cycle, an American Political Science Association award-winning 1952 book explains that "hectic, even angry, activity seemed to be the nation after seven years of being on Truman the same general spot than when he is able to record for the first time after office ... Nowhere in the whole Truman a point on a single, decisive breakthrough ... All of his abilities and energies, and he was -were among our most industrious President for are addressed yet. " [197] When he left office in 1953, Truman was one of the most disliked CEOs in the Geschichte.Sein job approval rating of 22% in the Gallup poll from February 1952, less than 24% of Richard Nixon in August 1974, the month that Nixon resigned.
American public feeling toward Truman grew steadily warmer over the years; In 1962, a survey of 75 historians under the direction of Arthur Meier Schlesinger Place Truman among the "near great" presidents. The time after his death consolidated a partial rehabilitation of his legacy both historians and members of the public. [198] Truman died when the nation with crises consumed Vietnam and Watergate , and his death brought a new wave of attention to his political career. [127] In the early and mid-1970s, recorded Truman the popular imagination much as he had in 1948, this time, many as a kind of political folk hero, a president who was thought to illustrate an integrity and accountability observers felt was missing in the Nixon White House . This public reassessment of Truman was the popularity of a book of memoirs, Truman had the journalist told Aided Merle Miller 1961 Beginning with the understanding that they are published only after Truman's death. [199]
Truman had his modern critics as well.After reviewing the information on the presence of espionage in the US government provided Truman, Democratic Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan concluded that Truman was "almost willfully obtuse" about the danger of American communism. [200] In 2010, graduated historian Alonzo Hamby that "Harry Truman remains a controversial president." [201] However, since out of office, Truman has fared in polls ranking the presidents . He has never been performed lower than ninth and finished fifth in a ranked free C-SPAN survey in the year of 2009. [202]
The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 caused Truman advocates justification for decisions Truman to achieve in the postwar period. After Truman biographer Robert Dallek, "His contribution to victory in the Cold War without devastating nuclear issue raised him to the stature of a great or near-great president." [203] The 1992 publication of David McCollough 's cheaper biography of Truman further cemented the view of Truman High respected chief executive. [203] According to historian Daniel R. McCoy in his book on the Truman Presidency
Pages and honors [ Edit ]
In 1956, Truman traveled to Europe with his wife. In the UK, he received an honorary doctorate in Civic Law at the University of Oxford and met with Winston Churchill . [192] In 1959, he was a 50-year award by the given Freemasons , the honor of his longstanding commitment: he began on February 9 1909 in the Belton Freemasonry Lodge in Missouri. In 1911, he helped manufacture the Grandview Lodge, and he served as its first Worshipful Master. Was elected in September 1940, during his Senate re-election campaign, Truman Grand Master of the Missouri Grand Lodge of Freemasons; Truman said later that the election Masonic assured his victory in the general election. In 1945, he became the 33 ° Sovereign Grand Inspector General and Honorary Member of the Supreme Council of AASR Southern Supreme Council state its headquarters in Washington DC [206] [207] Truman was also a member of the Sons of the American Revolution (SAR) [208] and a registered member of the Sons of Confederate Veterans . [209] Two of his relatives were Confederate soldiers. [209] [210]
In 1975, the Truman Scholarship is a federal program to honor US college students who created the commitment to public service and leadership in public policy as an example. [211] In 2004, President Harry S. Truman Fellowship has in National Security Science and Engineering was created as an emerging three-year postdoctoral appointment at Sandia National Laboratories . [212] In 2001, the University of Missouri established the Harry S. Truman School of Public Affairs to promote the study and practice of governance. [213] The University Missouri Missouri Tigers athletic programs have an official mascot named Truman the Tiger .On July 1, 1996 was East Missouri State University Truman State University -to highlight its transformation from a teacher training college , a highly selective liberal arts university and the only Missourian honor to be President , A member institution of the City Colleges of Chicago , Harry S Truman College in Chicago, Illinois , is named in his honor for his dedication to public colleges and universities. In 2000, the headquarters for the State Department , built in the 1930s, but never officially named, was as devoted to Harry S Truman Building . [214]
Despite Truman's attempt to marine arm, which in 1949 led to crop Revolt of the Admirals , [215] an aircraft carrier, according to him benannt.Die USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75) was christened on 7 September 1996. [216] The . 129 Field Artillery Regiment is "Truman's Own" in recognition of Truman's service as commander of its D battery during designated the First World War . [217]
1984 Truman was posthumously the United States Congressional Gold Medal . [218] In 1991, he was inducted into the Hall of Famous Missourians and a bronze bust of him presentation is on permanent display in the rotunda of the Missouri State Capitol . In 2006, Thomas Daniel, grandson of the Truman accepted a star on the Walk of Fame Missouri to honor his late grandfather. In 2007, when John Truman, a nephew, accepted a star for Bess Truman.The Walk of Fame is in Marshfield, Missouri ., a city visited Truman in 1948 [219] Other sites with Truman associated include:
- Harry S. Truman National Historic Site includes the Wallace House at 219 N. Delaware in Independence and the family farm in Grandview, Missouri (Truman sold most of the farm for Kansas City suburban development including the Truman Corners Shopping Center).
- Harry S. Truman Birthplace State Historic Site is the house where Truman was born and spent 11 months in Lamar, Missouri. [220]
- Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum - The Presidential Library in Independence
- Harry S. Truman Little White House - Truman's winter vacation in Key West, Florida
In 1956, Truman traveled to Europe with his wife. In the UK, he received an honorary doctorate in Civic Law at the University of Oxford and met with Winston Churchill . [192] In 1959, he was a 50-year award by the given Freemasons , the honor of his longstanding commitment: he began on February 9 1909 in the Belton Freemasonry Lodge in Missouri. In 1911, he helped manufacture the Grandview Lodge, and he served as its first Worshipful Master. Was elected in September 1940, during his Senate re-election campaign, Truman Grand Master of the Missouri Grand Lodge of Freemasons; Truman said later that the election Masonic assured his victory in the general election. In 1945, he became the 33 ° Sovereign Grand Inspector General and Honorary Member of the Supreme Council of AASR Southern Supreme Council state its headquarters in Washington DC [206] [207] Truman was also a member of the Sons of the American Revolution (SAR) [208] and a registered member of the Sons of Confederate Veterans . [209] Two of his relatives were Confederate soldiers. [209] [210]
In 1975, the Truman Scholarship is a federal program to honor US college students who created the commitment to public service and leadership in public policy as an example. [211] In 2004, President Harry S. Truman Fellowship has in National Security Science and Engineering was created as an emerging three-year postdoctoral appointment at Sandia National Laboratories . [212] In 2001, the University of Missouri established the Harry S. Truman School of Public Affairs to promote the study and practice of governance. [213] The University Missouri Missouri Tigers athletic programs have an official mascot named Truman the Tiger .On July 1, 1996 was East Missouri State University Truman State University -to highlight its transformation from a teacher training college , a highly selective liberal arts university and the only Missourian honor to be President , A member institution of the City Colleges of Chicago , Harry S Truman College in Chicago, Illinois , is named in his honor for his dedication to public colleges and universities. In 2000, the headquarters for the State Department , built in the 1930s, but never officially named, was as devoted to Harry S Truman Building . [214]
Despite Truman's attempt to marine arm, which in 1949 led to crop Revolt of the Admirals , [215] an aircraft carrier, according to him benannt.Die USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75) was christened on 7 September 1996. [216] The . 129 Field Artillery Regiment is "Truman's Own" in recognition of Truman's service as commander of its D battery during designated the First World War . [217]
1984 Truman was posthumously the United States Congressional Gold Medal . [218] In 1991, he was inducted into the Hall of Famous Missourians and a bronze bust of him presentation is on permanent display in the rotunda of the Missouri State Capitol . In 2006, Thomas Daniel, grandson of the Truman accepted a star on the Walk of Fame Missouri to honor his late grandfather. In 2007, when John Truman, a nephew, accepted a star for Bess Truman.The Walk of Fame is in Marshfield, Missouri ., a city visited Truman in 1948 [219] Other sites with Truman associated include:
- Harry S. Truman National Historic Site includes the Wallace House at 219 N. Delaware in Independence and the family farm in Grandview, Missouri (Truman sold most of the farm for Kansas City suburban development including the Truman Corners Shopping Center).
- Harry S. Truman Birthplace State Historic Site is the house where Truman was born and spent 11 months in Lamar, Missouri. [220]
- Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum - The Presidential Library in Independence
- Harry S. Truman Little White House - Truman's winter vacation in Key West, Florida
Main article: Bibliography of Harry S. Truman
Books
- Ambrose, Stephen E. (1983). Eisenhower: 1890-1952 . New York :. Simon & Schuster ISBN 978-0-671-44069-5 .
- Binning, William C. Esterly, Larry E. Sracic, Paul A. (1999). Encyclopedia of American parties, campaigns and elections .Westport, Conn., Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-8131-1755-3 .
- Burnes, Brian (2003). Harry S. Truman: His Life and Times .Kansas City, Mo., Kansas City Star Books ISBN 978-0-9740009-3-0 .
- Chambers II, John W. (1999). The Oxford Companion to American Military History . . Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-507198-0 .
- Cohen, Eliot A. ; . Gooch, John (2006) Military Misfortunes: The Anatomy of failure in war .New York :. Free Press ISBN 978-0-7432-8082-2 .
- Dallek, Robert (2008). Harry S. Truman . . New York: Times Books ISBN 978-0-8050-6938-9 .
- Daniels, Jonathan (1998). The Man of Independence .University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-82621190-9 .
- Donovan, Robert J. (1983). Stormy Years: 1949-1953 .New York :. WW Norton ISBN 978-0-393-01619-2 .
- Eakin, Joanne C. Hale, Donald R., eds. (1995). Branded as rebels . Madison, Wisc. University of Wisconsin Press. ASIN B003GWL8J6 .
- Eisler, Kim Isaac (1993). A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the decisions that transformed America . New York :. Simon & Schuster ISBN 978-0-671-76787-7 .
- Ferrell, Robert Hugh (1994). Harry S. Truman: A Life .Columbia, Mo:. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-1050-0 .
- Freeland, Richard M. (1970). The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism .New York :. Alfred A. Knopf ISBN 978-0-8147-2576-4 .
- Giglio, James N. (2001). Truman in cartoon and caricature . Kirksville, Mo:.. Truman State University Press ISBN 978-0-8138-1806-1 .
- Hamby, Alonzo L., ed. (1974). Harry S. Truman and the Fair Deal . Lexington, Ma. DC Heath and Company. ISBN 978-0-669-87080-0 .
- . Hamby, Alonzo L. (1995) Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman . . Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-504546-8 .
- Hamilton, Lee H. (2009) James A. Thurber . Rivals for Power: Presidential-Congressional Relations . .Rowman & Littlefield ISBN 0-74256142-9 .
- Holsti, Ole (1996). Public opinion and American foreign policy .ANN Arbor, Mich.:. The University of Michigan Press ISBN 978-0-472-06619-3 .
- Hunter, Stephen ; . Bainbridge, Jr., John (2005) American Shootout: the plot to kill Harry Truman - and the Shoot-out, it stopped . New York :. Simon & Schuster ISBN 978-0-7432-6068-8 .
- . Hurwood, Burn Hardt J, Gosfield, Frank (1969). Korea: Land of the 38th parallel .New York: Parents Magazine Press.Page 123rd
- Judis, John B. (2014). Genesis: Truman, American Jews, and the Origins of the Arab / Israeli conflict . . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux ISBN 978-0-374-16109-5 .
- Kirkendall, Richard S. (1989). Harry S. Truman encyclopedia .Boston :. GK Hall Publishing ISBN 978-0-8161-8915-1 .
- Kloetzel, James E. Charles, Steve, eds. (April 2012). Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue a . Sidney, Ohio :.Scott Publishing Company ISBN 978-0-89487-460-4 .
- Lenczowski, George (1990). American Presidents and the Middle East . Durham, NC :.Duke University Press ISBN 978-0-8223-0972-7 .
- McCoy, Donald R. (1984). The Presidency of Harry S. Truman . Lawrence, Kan., University Press of Kansas ISBN 978-0-7006-0252-0 .
- McCullough, David (1992). Truman . New York :. Simon & Schuster ISBN 978-0-671-86920-5 .
- MacGregor, J. Morris, Jr. (1981). The integration of the armed forces from 1940 to 1965 .Washington, DC: Center of Military History. ISBN 978-0-16-001925-8 .
- Martin, Joseph William (1960). My First Fifty Years in Politics as Robert J. Donovan Told .New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Miller, Merle (1974). Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman . New York :.Putnam Publishing Group ISBN 978-0-399-11261-4 .
- Mitchell, Franklin D. (1998) .Columbia, Mo:. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-1180-1 .
- Oshinsky, David M. (2004). "Harry Truman". Brinkley, Alan;Dyer, Davis. The American Presidency .Boston :. Houghton Mifflin ISBN 978-0-618-38273-6 .
- Pietrusza, David (2011). 1948: Harry Truman Improbable Victory and the Year that Transformed America .New York :. Union Square Press ISBN 978-1-4027-6748-7 .
- Savage, Sean J. (1991). Roosevelt: The party leader, 1932-1945 . Lexington, Ky. The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-1755-3 .
- Skidmore, Max J. (2004). (Revised ed.). New York :.Macmillan ISBN 978-0-312-29559-2 .
- Stohl, Michael (1988)."National Interests and state terrorism." The terrorism policy .New York: CRC Press .
- Stokesbury, James L. (1990). A brief history of the Korean War . New York :. Harper Perennial ISBN 978-0-688-09513-0 .
- Troy, Gil (2008). Leading from the Center: Why Moderates Make the Best Presidents . . New York: Basic Books ISBN 978-0-465-00293-1 .
- , Truman, Harry S. (1955) Memories: Year of Decisions 1 . Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
- , Truman, Harry S. (1956) Memoirs: Years of trial and hope 2 .Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
- Truman, Margaret (1973). Harry S. Truman . New York: William Morrow & Co. ISBN 978-0-688-00005-9 .
- Weinstein, Allen . (1997) Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case (revised ed.) New York :.. Random House ISBN 0-679-77338-X .
Magazines
- Ayoob, Massad (2006)."Drama at Blair House: the assassination of Harry Truman." American Handgunner (March-April 2006).
- Griffith, Robert, ed. (Fall 1975)."Truman and the historian: the reconstruction of postwar American history." The Wisconsin Magazine of History 59 (1).
- Hamby, Alonzo L (August 2008) ". In 1948 Democratic Convention The South Secedes Again". Smithsonian .
- Hechler, Ken ; Elsey, George M. (2006). "The biggest surprise in American Political History: Harry Truman and the 1948 election." White House Studies (Winter).
- Matray, James I. (1 September 1979). "Truman's Plan for Victory: National Self Determination and the Thirty-Eighth Parallel Decision in Korea." Journal of American History 66 . (2) doi :
- May, Ernest R. (2002). "1947-1948: The Marshall Kept the US war in China." The Journal of Military History . (October 2002) JSTOR
- Neustadt, Richard E. (1954). "Congress and the Fair Deal: An Act balance." Public Policy (Boston) 5 . reprinted in Hamby 1974 , pp. 15-42
- Ottolenghi, Michael (December 2004). "Harry Truman's recognition of Israel." Historical Journal 47 (4).
- Smaltz, Donald C. (July 1998) "Independent Counsel: A View from Inside".. The Georgetown Law Journal 86 (6).
- . Strout, Lawrence N. (1999). "Covering McCarthyism: How the Christian Science Monitor Handled Joseph R. McCarthy, 1950-1954," Journal of Political and Military Sociology 2001 (summer).
- Wells, Jr., Samuel F. (Fall 1979). . "Sounding the Tocsin: NSC 68 and the Soviet threat" International 2012 .
Time
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Article Harry S. Truman related
Main article: Bibliography of Harry S. Truman
Books
- Ambrose, Stephen E. (1983). Eisenhower: 1890-1952 . New York :. Simon & Schuster ISBN 978-0-671-44069-5 .
- Binning, William C. Esterly, Larry E. Sracic, Paul A. (1999). Encyclopedia of American parties, campaigns and elections .Westport, Conn., Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-8131-1755-3 .
- Burnes, Brian (2003). Harry S. Truman: His Life and Times .Kansas City, Mo., Kansas City Star Books ISBN 978-0-9740009-3-0 .
- Chambers II, John W. (1999). The Oxford Companion to American Military History . . Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-507198-0 .
- Cohen, Eliot A. ; . Gooch, John (2006) Military Misfortunes: The Anatomy of failure in war .New York :. Free Press ISBN 978-0-7432-8082-2 .
- Dallek, Robert (2008). Harry S. Truman . . New York: Times Books ISBN 978-0-8050-6938-9 .
- Daniels, Jonathan (1998). The Man of Independence .University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-82621190-9 .
- Donovan, Robert J. (1983). Stormy Years: 1949-1953 .New York :. WW Norton ISBN 978-0-393-01619-2 .
- Eakin, Joanne C. Hale, Donald R., eds. (1995). Branded as rebels . Madison, Wisc. University of Wisconsin Press. ASIN B003GWL8J6 .
- Eisler, Kim Isaac (1993). A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the decisions that transformed America . New York :. Simon & Schuster ISBN 978-0-671-76787-7 .
- Ferrell, Robert Hugh (1994). Harry S. Truman: A Life .Columbia, Mo:. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-1050-0 .
- Freeland, Richard M. (1970). The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism .New York :. Alfred A. Knopf ISBN 978-0-8147-2576-4 .
- Giglio, James N. (2001). Truman in cartoon and caricature . Kirksville, Mo:.. Truman State University Press ISBN 978-0-8138-1806-1 .
- Hamby, Alonzo L., ed. (1974). Harry S. Truman and the Fair Deal . Lexington, Ma. DC Heath and Company. ISBN 978-0-669-87080-0 .
- . Hamby, Alonzo L. (1995) Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman . . Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-504546-8 .
- Hamilton, Lee H. (2009) James A. Thurber . Rivals for Power: Presidential-Congressional Relations . .Rowman & Littlefield ISBN 0-74256142-9 .
- Holsti, Ole (1996). Public opinion and American foreign policy .ANN Arbor, Mich.:. The University of Michigan Press ISBN 978-0-472-06619-3 .
- Hunter, Stephen ; . Bainbridge, Jr., John (2005) American Shootout: the plot to kill Harry Truman - and the Shoot-out, it stopped . New York :. Simon & Schuster ISBN 978-0-7432-6068-8 .
- . Hurwood, Burn Hardt J, Gosfield, Frank (1969). Korea: Land of the 38th parallel .New York: Parents Magazine Press.Page 123rd
- Judis, John B. (2014). Genesis: Truman, American Jews, and the Origins of the Arab / Israeli conflict . . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux ISBN 978-0-374-16109-5 .
- Kirkendall, Richard S. (1989). Harry S. Truman encyclopedia .Boston :. GK Hall Publishing ISBN 978-0-8161-8915-1 .
- Kloetzel, James E. Charles, Steve, eds. (April 2012). Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue a . Sidney, Ohio :.Scott Publishing Company ISBN 978-0-89487-460-4 .
- Lenczowski, George (1990). American Presidents and the Middle East . Durham, NC :.Duke University Press ISBN 978-0-8223-0972-7 .
- McCoy, Donald R. (1984). The Presidency of Harry S. Truman . Lawrence, Kan., University Press of Kansas ISBN 978-0-7006-0252-0 .
- McCullough, David (1992). Truman . New York :. Simon & Schuster ISBN 978-0-671-86920-5 .
- MacGregor, J. Morris, Jr. (1981). The integration of the armed forces from 1940 to 1965 .Washington, DC: Center of Military History. ISBN 978-0-16-001925-8 .
- Martin, Joseph William (1960). My First Fifty Years in Politics as Robert J. Donovan Told .New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Miller, Merle (1974). Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman . New York :.Putnam Publishing Group ISBN 978-0-399-11261-4 .
- Mitchell, Franklin D. (1998) .Columbia, Mo:. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-1180-1 .
- Oshinsky, David M. (2004). "Harry Truman". Brinkley, Alan;Dyer, Davis. The American Presidency .Boston :. Houghton Mifflin ISBN 978-0-618-38273-6 .
- Pietrusza, David (2011). 1948: Harry Truman Improbable Victory and the Year that Transformed America .New York :. Union Square Press ISBN 978-1-4027-6748-7 .
- Savage, Sean J. (1991). Roosevelt: The party leader, 1932-1945 . Lexington, Ky. The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-1755-3 .
- Skidmore, Max J. (2004). (Revised ed.). New York :.Macmillan ISBN 978-0-312-29559-2 .
- Stohl, Michael (1988)."National Interests and state terrorism." The terrorism policy .New York: CRC Press .
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- Troy, Gil (2008). Leading from the Center: Why Moderates Make the Best Presidents . . New York: Basic Books ISBN 978-0-465-00293-1 .
- , Truman, Harry S. (1955) Memories: Year of Decisions 1 . Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
- , Truman, Harry S. (1956) Memoirs: Years of trial and hope 2 .Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
- Truman, Margaret (1973). Harry S. Truman . New York: William Morrow & Co. ISBN 978-0-688-00005-9 .
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Magazines
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- Griffith, Robert, ed. (Fall 1975)."Truman and the historian: the reconstruction of postwar American history." The Wisconsin Magazine of History 59 (1).
- Hamby, Alonzo L (August 2008) ". In 1948 Democratic Convention The South Secedes Again". Smithsonian .
- Hechler, Ken ; Elsey, George M. (2006). "The biggest surprise in American Political History: Harry Truman and the 1948 election." White House Studies (Winter).
- Matray, James I. (1 September 1979). "Truman's Plan for Victory: National Self Determination and the Thirty-Eighth Parallel Decision in Korea." Journal of American History 66 . (2) doi :
- May, Ernest R. (2002). "1947-1948: The Marshall Kept the US war in China." The Journal of Military History . (October 2002) JSTOR
- Neustadt, Richard E. (1954). "Congress and the Fair Deal: An Act balance." Public Policy (Boston) 5 . reprinted in Hamby 1974 , pp. 15-42
- Ottolenghi, Michael (December 2004). "Harry Truman's recognition of Israel." Historical Journal 47 (4).
- Smaltz, Donald C. (July 1998) "Independent Counsel: A View from Inside".. The Georgetown Law Journal 86 (6).
- . Strout, Lawrence N. (1999). "Covering McCarthyism: How the Christian Science Monitor Handled Joseph R. McCarthy, 1950-1954," Journal of Political and Military Sociology 2001 (summer).
- Wells, Jr., Samuel F. (Fall 1979). . "Sounding the Tocsin: NSC 68 and the Soviet threat" International 2012 .
Time
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Harry S. Truman
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CONCENTRATION CAMP 1942-1945 - PHOTOGRAPHY
CAUGHT IN A WORK ARMS COMPANY.KZ DACHAU, GERMANY BETWEEN 1940 AND 1945TH
PRISONERS IN HARD WORKING SS SECURITY IN AN ARMOR OPERATION. KZ DACHAU, GERMANY, 1943RD
A CHEMISTRY LABORATORY IN THE WORKS IN SYNTHETIC RUBBER BUNA BUNA-MONOWITZ.POLEN, BETWEEN 1941 AND JANUARY 1945TH
PRISONERS IN FORCED LABOR IN THE SIEMENS WERK.LAGER AUSCHWITZ, POLAND, 1940-1944.
MAP, THE EMPLOYEE OF AUSCHWITZ-MONO JOKE BY CATEGORY AND NATIONALITY OF INSASSEN.POLEN 16 JANUARY 1945TH
PRODUCTION LINE WHERE FORCED WORKERS MADE V-BOMBS AT DORA CENTRAL CONCENTRATION CAMP, NEAR NORDHAUSEN.DEUTSCHLAND, APRIL-MAY 1945TH
VICTIM OF MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS IN NS ICE COLD WATER AT CONCENTRATION CAMP DACHAU DIPPED. SS DOCTOR SIGMUND RASCHER SUPERVISED THE VERSUCH.DEUTSCHLAND, 1942ND
A PRISONER IN A COMPRESSION ROOM THE MIND LOSE BEFORE HE DIES DURING A SIMULATED EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE MAJOR HÖHEN.KZ DACHAU, GERMANY, 1942ND
A ROMANI (GYPSY) VICTIMS OF NAZI MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS TO SEA WATER FOR POTABLE MACHEN.KZ DACHAU, GERMANY, 1944TH
CLANDESTINE PHOTO BY A GERMAN CIVIL, DACHAU KZ-PRISONERS TO A DEATH MARCH TOWARDS THE SOUTH BY A VILLAGE ON THE WAY TO WOLFRATSHAUSEN ÜBERNOMMEN.DEUTSCHLAND, BETWEEN 26 TO 30 APRIL 1945TH
PRISONERS FROM DACHAU TO DEATH MARCH SOUTH TOWARDS WOLFRATSHAUSEN.DEUTSCHLAND, BETWEEN 26 AND 29 APRIL 1945TH
CASE, THE PEOPLE TO CAMP AUSCHWITZ DEPORTED GEHÖRTE.DIESES PHOTO WAS TAKEN AFTER THE SOVIET TROOPS THE BEARING BEFREIT.AUSCHWITZ, POLAND, AFTER JANUARY 1945TH
HAIR OF WOMEN PRISONERS FOR DELIVERIES TO GERMANY PREPARED FOR THE LIBERATION OF DESTRUCTION CENTER AUSCHWITZ GEFUNDEN.POLEN, 1945TH
PILES OF PRAYER SHAWLS, THE JEWISH VICTIMS WAS ONE AFTER THE LIBERATION OF THE CAMP AUSCHWITZ GEFUNDEN.POLEN, AFTER JANUARY 1945TH
AFTER THE LIBERATION OF THE CAMP AUSCHWITZ: A WAREHOUSE OF CLOTHES, THE WOMEN WHO KILLED GEHÖRTE.AUSCHWITZ, POLAND, AFTER JANUARY 1945TH
AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS ESCORT GERMAN CIVILIANS BY A SITE WHERE PRISONERS WERE FOR A DEATH MARCH FROM BUCHENWALD ERMORDET.SOLCHE TOURS THE CRIME OF FORCED GERMAN SS COMMITTED TO CLOSE ERKENNEN.IN NAMMERING, GERMANY 1945TH
FORMER PRISONERS OF WÖBBELIN AN EXTERNAL STORAGE OF KZ NEUENGAMME BE GIVEN TO A HOSPITAL FOR MEDICAL ATTENTION GEMACHT.DEUTSCHLAND, MAY 4 1945TH
CORPSES FOUND WHEN USTROOPS GUSEN, A SUBCAMP OF MAUTHAUSEN BEFREIT.ÖSTERREICH, AFTER MAY 12, 1945.
AN AMERICAN SOLDIER TIPS TO, A FORMER PRISONER IN CORPSES OF VICTIMS AT DORA CENTRAL CONCENTRATION CAMP LYING AROUND NORDHAUSEN.GERMANY,, 10. APRIL 1945TH
US TROOPS TO SEE CORPSES OF VICTIMS OF KAUFERING IV, A SIDE BEARING IN DACHAU LANDENBERG-KAUFERING-BEREICH.DEUTSCHLAND, APRIL 30, 1945TH
- CAUGHT IN A WORK ARMS COMPANY.KZ DACHAU, GERMANY BETWEEN 1940 AND 1945TH
- PRISONERS IN HARD WORKING SS SECURITY IN AN ARMOR OPERATION. KZ DACHAU, GERMANY, 1943RD
- A CHEMISTRY LABORATORY IN THE WORKS IN SYNTHETIC RUBBER BUNA BUNA-MONOWITZ.POLEN, BETWEEN 1941 AND JANUARY 1945TH
- PRISONERS IN FORCED LABOR IN THE SIEMENS WERK.LAGER AUSCHWITZ, POLAND, 1940-1944.
- MAP, THE EMPLOYEE OF AUSCHWITZ-MONO JOKE BY CATEGORY AND NATIONALITY OF INSASSEN.POLEN 16 JANUARY 1945TH
- PRODUCTION LINE WHERE FORCED WORKERS MADE V-BOMBS AT DORA CENTRAL CONCENTRATION CAMP, NEAR NORDHAUSEN.DEUTSCHLAND, APRIL-MAY 1945TH
- VICTIM OF MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS IN NS ICE COLD WATER AT CONCENTRATION CAMP DACHAU DIPPED. SS DOCTOR SIGMUND RASCHER SUPERVISED THE VERSUCH.DEUTSCHLAND, 1942ND
- A PRISONER IN A COMPRESSION ROOM THE MIND LOSE BEFORE HE DIES DURING A SIMULATED EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE MAJOR HÖHEN.KZ DACHAU, GERMANY, 1942ND
- A ROMANI (GYPSY) VICTIMS OF NAZI MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS TO SEA WATER FOR POTABLE MACHEN.KZ DACHAU, GERMANY, 1944TH
- CLANDESTINE PHOTO BY A GERMAN CIVIL, DACHAU KZ-PRISONERS TO A DEATH MARCH TOWARDS THE SOUTH BY A VILLAGE ON THE WAY TO WOLFRATSHAUSEN ÜBERNOMMEN.DEUTSCHLAND, BETWEEN 26 TO 30 APRIL 1945TH
- PRISONERS FROM DACHAU TO DEATH MARCH SOUTH TOWARDS WOLFRATSHAUSEN.DEUTSCHLAND, BETWEEN 26 AND 29 APRIL 1945TH
- CASE, THE PEOPLE TO CAMP AUSCHWITZ DEPORTED GEHÖRTE.DIESES PHOTO WAS TAKEN AFTER THE SOVIET TROOPS THE BEARING BEFREIT.AUSCHWITZ, POLAND, AFTER JANUARY 1945TH
- HAIR OF WOMEN PRISONERS FOR DELIVERIES TO GERMANY PREPARED FOR THE LIBERATION OF DESTRUCTION CENTER AUSCHWITZ GEFUNDEN.POLEN, 1945TH
- PILES OF PRAYER SHAWLS, THE JEWISH VICTIMS WAS ONE AFTER THE LIBERATION OF THE CAMP AUSCHWITZ GEFUNDEN.POLEN, AFTER JANUARY 1945TH
- AFTER THE LIBERATION OF THE CAMP AUSCHWITZ: A WAREHOUSE OF CLOTHES, THE WOMEN WHO KILLED GEHÖRTE.AUSCHWITZ, POLAND, AFTER JANUARY 1945TH
- AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS ESCORT GERMAN CIVILIANS BY A SITE WHERE PRISONERS WERE FOR A DEATH MARCH FROM BUCHENWALD ERMORDET.SOLCHE TOURS THE CRIME OF FORCED GERMAN SS COMMITTED TO CLOSE ERKENNEN.IN NAMMERING, GERMANY 1945TH
- FORMER PRISONERS OF WÖBBELIN AN EXTERNAL STORAGE OF KZ NEUENGAMME BE GIVEN TO A HOSPITAL FOR MEDICAL ATTENTION GEMACHT.DEUTSCHLAND, MAY 4 1945TH
- CORPSES FOUND WHEN USTROOPS GUSEN, A SUBCAMP OF MAUTHAUSEN BEFREIT.ÖSTERREICH, AFTER MAY 12, 1945.
- AN AMERICAN SOLDIER TIPS TO, A FORMER PRISONER IN CORPSES OF VICTIMS AT DORA CENTRAL CONCENTRATION CAMP LYING AROUND NORDHAUSEN.GERMANY,, 10. APRIL 1945TH
- US TROOPS TO SEE CORPSES OF VICTIMS OF KAUFERING IV, A SIDE BEARING IN DACHAU LANDENBERG-KAUFERING-BEREICH.DEUTSCHLAND, APRIL 30, 1945TH
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