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Harry S. Truman


Harry S. Truman

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the US President.For other uses of the name, see  Harry Truman (disambiguation)  .
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman.jpg
33rd   President of the United States
The Official
12th April 1945 - January 20, 1953
Vice President
PredecessorFranklin D. Roosevelt
Succeeded byDwight D. Eisenhower
34th   Vice President of the United States
In office
20th January 1945 - April 12, 1945
PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt
PredecessorHenry A. Wallace
Succeeded byAlben W. Barkley
United States Senator
from   Missouri
In office
. 3 January 1935 - January 17, 1945
PredecessorRoscoe Patterson
Succeeded byFrank Briggs
Personal Information
BornMay 8, 1884  Lamar  , Missouri, United States
DiedDecember 26, 1972 (Age 88)  Kansas City  , Missouri, United States
Resting placeHarry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum  
Independence, Missouri
Political PartyDemocratically
Spouse (s)Bess Wallace
ChildrenMargaret Truman
Profession
ReligionSouthern Baptist
SignatureCursive signature in ink
Military service
Service / branch
Years of service
  • 1905-1911
  • 1917-1919
  • 1920-1953   (  reserve  )
Rank
CommandsBattery D, 129th Field Artillery, 60th Brigade,   35th Infantry Division
Battles / warsWorld War I
 •   Western Front




Harry S. Truman   (May 8, 1884 - December 26, 1972) was the   33rd  President of the United States   (1945-1953). The final   running mate   of President  Franklin D. Roosevelt   in 1944 succeeded Truman presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining Gesundheit.Unter Truman, the US successfully completed   the Second World War  ; in the aftermath of the conflict, tensions with the   Soviet Union   to which the start of the  Cold War  .
Truman was born in   Missouri  , and spent most of his youth on his family's farm.During  the First World War  , in the battle he was in  France   as an artillery officer in his  National Guard   unit. After the war, he briefly owned a   haberdashery   and the Democratic Party joined   political machine  of   Tom Pendergast   in  Kansas City, Missouri  . Truman public office as District was first elected and became   a US Senator   in 1935. He gained national prominence as head of the War   Truman Committee  , the waste, fraud and corruption in wartime contracts suspended.
While Germany surrendered a few weeks after Truman took over the presidency of the war with Japan was expected to be another year or longer. Truman approved the use of   nuclear weapons against Japan  , intending to force   Japan's surrender   and shy American lives in   an invasion  ; the decision remains controversial. His presidency was a turning point in   the foreign policy  as the nation supports an internationalist foreign policy in conjunction with European allies. In close cooperation with the Congress, Truman in the founding of the assistance   of the United Nations  , has the   Truman Doctrine  , contain communism, and passed the $ 13000000000   Marshall Plan   to rebuild Europe, including the   Axis powers  of both   world wars  , during wartime   allies  Soviet Union was the peace enemy, and the Cold War began. He oversaw the Berlin Airlift   in 1948 and the creation   of NATO   in 1949. During the communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he immediately sent to US troops and won UN approval for the   Korean War  . After initial success, the UN troops were thrown back by Chinese intervention and the conflict was the last years of the Truman Presidential stalemate.
Approved on domestic issues, bills of Truman often faced opposition from a  conservative congress   dominated the South, but his government successfully led the American economy by post-war economic challenges. He said the civil rights was a moral priority, and presented the first comprehensive legislation in 1948, and was executive orders to the races integration of military and federal agencies this year starten.Korruption in Truman's administration, which was to certain members in the linked   cabinet   and senior White House staff, was a central theme in the   1952 presidential campaign  , the   Adlai Stevenson  , Truman's successor as Democratic candidate, lost Republican   Dwight D. Eisenhower  .  Popular and scientific assessments of his presidency   were initially negative, but eventually was named after its withdrawal from politics positive. Truman's  1948 election upset   for his full term as president is routinely invoked by underdog candidate.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EARLY LIFE AND CAREER  [  EDIT  ]

Harry S. Truman was born on May 8, 1884, in   Lamar, Missouri  , the eldest child of John Anderson Truman (1851-1914) and  Martha Ellen Young Truman  (1852-1947).His parents chose the name Harry after his mother, Harrison "Harry" Young's brother (1846-1916).  [2]   They chose "S" as his middle initial to his two grandfathers, Anderson please   S  Truman hip and   Solomon Young , The "S" does not stand for anything, a common practice among the Scots-Irish  .  [3]  [4]   A brother, John Vivian (1886-1965), was born soon after Harry, followed by a sister, Mary Jane (1889 -1978).  [5]
John Truman was a farmer and cattle dealer. The family lived in Lamar until Harry was ten months old when they moved to a farm near  Harrisonville  . The family moved to next   Belton  and 1887 to his grandparents' 600-acre (240-hectare) farm in   Grandview  .  [6]   When Truman was six, his parents moved to   independence  , so that he could participate   Presbyterian  Church Sunday School. Truman not attend a traditional school until he was eight years old. [7]
As a boy, Truman was interested in music, reading, and history, all encouraged by his mother, with whom he is very close. As president, he asked political as well as personal advice from her.  [8]   He stood at five every morning, the piano, which he studied twice a week until he was fifteen to practice.  [9]   Truman was a side at the 1900 Democratic National Convention   at  Convention Hall   in  Kansas City  ,  [10]   .his father had many friends who were active in the Democratic Party and helped young Harry to win his first political position  [11]
After graduating from Independence High School (now   William Chrisman High School ) in 1901 worked Truman as a timekeeper on the   Santa Fe Railroad  , sleeping in  hobo   camps near the railway lines.  [12]   He worked on a series of public service activities and was employed briefly in the mailroom of the   Kansas City Star  .  He returned to the Grand View Farm in 1906, where he lived in the Army in 1917 up to the date.  [13]   During this time, he campaigned   Bess Wallace   and proposed to her in 1911 You turned it nieder.Truman said that before he again proposed to be earning more money than a farmer he did want to.  [14]
Truman is the youngest US president had not earned a college degree. When his high school friends went to the State University in 1901, Truman wrote in Spalding Commercial College, a Kansas City Business School, but stayed for one semester. In 1923-1925 he took night classes at a law degree at Kansas City Law School (now  University of Missouri-Kansas City   School of Law), but dropped out after his government job to lose.  [15]

World War  [  edit  ]

Truman in military uniform with shoulder and waist with helmet
Truman in uniform about 1918
Because of poor eyesight, Truman had been turned down for the occupation of the   United States Military Academy   at West Point, who was his childhood dream. [15]   He entered the  Missouri Army National Guard   in 1905 and used until 1911 in a Kansas City-based artillery  battery  .  [16]   At his induction, his eyesight had been an unacceptable   20/50   in the right eye and 20/400 (passing the standard for legal blindness) in the left side.  [17] The second time he took the test, he went secretly memorizing the eye chart.  [18]
With the beginning of American involvement in World War Truman replied the guard, although the only man in the family, he was exempt from tax  conscription  . To his surprise, the men Truman chose as an officer, making him  lieutenant   of a battery. Before using to France, Truman was sent   Camp Doniphan ,   Fort Sill  , near   Lawton, Oklahoma  , for training. He ran the camp  canteen  with   Edward Jacobson  , a clothing store clerk he knew of Kansas City; under the two men, the canteen $ 10,000 came in the form of dividends in six months. [16]   at Fort Sill, Truman met Lieutenant James M. Pendergast, nephew of   Joseph Thomas (Tom) Pendergast  , a Kansas City   political boss  , a compound which was have a strong influence on the later life of Truman.  [19]  [20]  [21]  [22]
Promoted   Captain  Truman in July 1918 troop commander in an artillery regiment in France. His new unit, Battery D,   129thField Artillery  , 60th Brigade,   35thInfantry Division  , was honored for his discipline known problems and Truman was initially unpopular.  [16]   During a sudden attack by the Germans in the   Vosges soldiers began to flee .With profanity that he had learned while encouraging the work on the Santa Fe Railroad, Truman and his men to stay and fight; they were so surprised to hear Truman use such language they obeyed immediately. [16]
On September 26, 1918, as the opening of the   Meuse-Argonne offensive  , Truman stepped unit in a massive pre-arranged attack barrage. They moved with difficulty over pitted terrain to follow the infantry, and when she west of   Cheppy   them to set up an observation post. A decision from Truman against orders likely to act saved American lives. Through his binoculars on September 27, he saw an enemy artillery battery device over a river in a position that enables them to the adjacent 28th Division feuern.Trumans orders limited him at targets with a view of the 35th Division, but he ignored it and patiently waited until the Germans had their horses were far away from their guns before he opened fire and scattered the enemy. Truman was chewed by his commander, Colonel Charles D. Klemm, but he was not court-martialed. [23]  [24]
In other action during the Meuse-Argonne battle, Truman supported  George S. Patton  's tank   brigade  .  [25]  On November 11, 1918. The artillery unit fired some of the last shots of World War II against German positions in   Hermeville  before the armistice came into force by 11 clock. [26]   Under Truman's command in France, not to lose the battery a single man, and his men Truman presented with a large   loving cup  after their return to the United States.  [16]
The war was a transformative experience that brought out Truman's leadership.  [27] Despite starting in 1917 as the family farmer, who had been unsuccessful in several companies, Truman reached a war record and leadership experience that supports its post-war political career in Missouri.  [16]

POLICY  [  EDIT  ]

Jackson County judge  [  edit  ]

Wedding photo of Truman in his gray suit and woman in hat with white dress with flowers
Anniversary of Truman, "June 28, 1919
When the war ended Truman was made ​​captain musterte.Er returned to Independence, where he married Bess Wallace on 28 June 1919th  [28]   The couple had one child,   Mary Margaret  . [29]
Shortly before the wedding, Truman and Jacobson opened a haberdashery at 104 West 12th Street in downtown  Kansas City . After brief initial success of the store went bankrupt during the  recession of 1921  .  [8]   Truman paid not from the last of the debt of this venture until 1934, when he did this with the help of a supporter.  [30] Jacobson and Truman remained close friends, Jacobson and advice to Truman on   Zionism   later played a role in the decision by the US government to recognize Israel.  [31]
In 1922, with the help of the Kansas City  Democratic   machine   led by   Tom Pendergast  , Truman, a judge of the District Court for the Eastern District of elected was   Jackson County  -an administrative, not judicial position similar to county commissioners elsewhere.  [8]Truman was was not re-elected in 1924, losing in a wave of Republican President led   Calvin Coolidge  . His two years in the political wilderness sale automobile club memberships convinced him that a public service career was safer approaches for a man of middle age, who had never been successful in the private sector.  [32]
In 1926, with the support of the Pendergast machine, Truman selected was   chairman  for the district court, and helped in 1930 Truman coordinate the "Ten-Year Plan", the re-elected in Jackson County and the Kansas City skyline transformed with new public works projects, including a substantial number of roads and the construction of a new   Wight and Wight  -Designed County Court building. He was president of the   National Old Trails Road  Association in 1926 and oversaw the inauguration of a series of 12   Madonna of the Trail   monuments in honor of pioneer women in the late 1920s.  [32]  [33]
1933 Missouri Truman became Director of the Federal Re-employment program (part of the named   citizens Works Administration  ) at the request of Postmaster General   James Farley  . This was payback to Pendergast for delivering the Kansas City vote  Franklin D. Roosevelt   in the   1932 presidential elections  . The appointment confirmed Pendergast control over federal  patronage   jobs in Missouri and marked the height of his power. He also created a relationship between Truman and Roosevelt aide   Harry Hopkins  and assured Truman's enthusiastic support for the New Deal.  [34]

US Senator  [  Edit  ]


Senate desk used by Truman
After serving as a judge, Truman wanted to run for governor or Congress, but Pendergast rejected these ideas. Truman believed he would serve out his career at the county level in some well-paid sinecures. Instead, after four other men refused Pendergast reluctantly backed Truman as the Democratic candidate in the   1934 US Senate election  for Missouri.  [35]   During the Democratic  primary  , Truman defeated two congressmen,   John J. Cochran   and  Jacob L. Milligan  , with the solid support of Jackson County, which was crucial for his candidacy, as well as the contacts he made ​​hatte.Truman nationwide as District defeated the incumbent Republican,  Roscoe C. Patterson  , by almost 20 percentage points.  [35]  [36]  [37]
Truman took office with a reputation as "the senator from Pendergast." Although he gave patronage decisions Pendergast, Truman always claimed he voted his conscience. Later the auspices defended decisions so that by a small selection of the machine, he saved a lot. [37]  [38]   In his first term as US Senator, Truman spoke out against corporate greed and the dangers of   Wall Street   speculators and other moneyed achieve special interests too much influence in national affairs.  [39]   He was largely ignored by President Roosevelt, and had difficulty getting calls back to the White House.  [37]  [40]
In   1940  ,   United States Attorney  Maurice Milligan and former Governor  Lloyd Stark   Truman called for in the Democratic primary. Truman was politically weakened by Pendergast in prison for tax evasion in the previous year; The senator had remained loyal, claiming that Republican judge, not the Roosevelt administration, responsible for the head of the sinking were.  [41]   St. Louis Party leader   Robert E. Hannegan  support Truman proved decisive; he later mediate the deal that put Truman on the national ticket. At the end, Stark and Milligan anti Pendergast vote in the Senate split Democratic primary and Truman won by 8,000 votes. In the November election, Truman defeated Republican   Manvel H. Davis   by 51% to 49%.  [42]
Late traveled in 1940, Truman, a series of military bases. The waste and profiteering he saw led him to his subcommittee chairmanship of the Committee on Military Affairs use to start investigations into abuses as the nation prepared for war. A separate committee, a formal investigation was carried out under Truman set; the Roosevelt administration supports this plan, rather than a hostile weather probe by the House of Representatives.Chairperson of what became known as the " Truman Committee  "made him a national figure.  [43]   Activities of the Truman Committee ranged from criticism of the " dollar-a-year men  "hired by the government, many of which proved ineffective for investigating a sloppy built New Jersey housing project for war workers. [44]  [45]   The committee is reported to be saved as much as $ 15 billion; [46]  [47]  [48]  [49]   put their activities Truman on the cover of   Time   magazine.[50]   According to historical minutes of the Senate, in the leadership of the committee, "Truman his earlier public image deleted as running a starter for Kansas City politician" and "no Senator increasing political advantages Presidency obtained a special committee of inquiry than done Missouri Harry S. Truman. "  [51]

VICE-PRESIDENCY  [  EDIT  ]


Roosevelt  / Truman poster from 1944
Vice President   Henry Wallace  , although among Democratic voters popular, as was friendly too far to the left and to work for some viewed Roosevelt's advisers.Knowing that Roosevelt could not live a fourth term, both the president and some of his confidants wanted Wallace ersetzen.Abgehende Democratic National Committee Chairman   Frank C. Walker  , incoming Chairman Hannegan, party treasurer   Edwin W. Pauley  , strategist  Ed Flynn  ,   Chicago Mayor   Edward Joseph Kelly   and lobbyist George E. Allen all wanted to keep Wallace on the ticket. [52]  Roosevelt said party leader he would accept either Truman or   Supreme Court  Justice   William O. Douglas  . State and city party leaders strongly preferred Truman and Roosevelt agreed. Truman not campaign for Vice President place, although he welcomed the attention as evidence that he can be more than the "Senator from Pendergast."  [53]
Truman's nomination, called the "Second  Missouri Compromise  "was well received, and the Roosevelt-Truman ticket went on a 432-99  vote electoral   victory in the election, defeating the Republican ticket of Governor   Thomas E. Dewey   of New York and running mate Governor   John Bricker  of Ohio. Truman was sworn in as vice president on January 20, 1945.  [54]
Truman's vice presidential short was relatively uneventful. Roosevelt rarely contacted him, too, to inform you of important decisions; the president and vice president while in office alone met only twice. [55]   In one of his first acts as vice president, Truman created some controversy when he disgraced Pendergast funeral. He brushed aside the criticism, saying only: "He was always my friend and I have always been his."  [8]   He had rarely world affairs or domestic policy discussed with Roosevelt; he was uninformed about important initiatives in the context of the war and the top-secret Manhattan Project  , which was about to test the world's first atomic bomb. [56]
Truman had Vice President 82-day, when President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945th  [56]   That afternoon, under the chairmanship of the Senate Truman, as usual. He had just interrupted the session for the day and was preparing to have a drink in   House Speaker   Sam Rayburn  's office when he received an urgent message immediately go to the White House. Truman believed that President Roosevelt wanted to meet with him, but  Eleanor Roosevelt  informed him that her husband died after suffering a massive brain hemorrhage  . Truman's first concern was for Mrs. Roosevelt. He asked if he could do something for her, to which she replied, "Is there something we can do for you If you are now in trouble?"  [57]  [58]

PRESIDENTIAL 1945-1953  [  EDIT  ]

First term (1945-1949)  [  edit  ]

Appointed; Atomic bomb  [  edit  ]

For more details on this topic, see   the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki  .

Josef Stalin  , Harry S. Truman andWinston Churchill   in Potsdam, July 1945
Shortly after taking the oath of office, Truman said to reporters:
Boys, if you ever pray, pray for me now. I do not know if you ever fellas a load of hay fall on you, but when she told me what happened yesterday, I felt like the moon, the stars and all the planets had fallen on me.  [59]  [60]
After assuming the presidency, Truman asked all members of the FDR cabinet to remain in place, and told them that he was open to their advice. He stressed a central principle of his administration :. He be the one to decisions, and they were to support him  [61]   Although Truman was in short the afternoon of April 12 that the Allies had a new, very destructive weapon, it was not until April 25, the   Minister of War   Henry Stimson   told him the details. Truman benefited from a recovery period after Roosevelt's death, and from the   Allied success in Europe, follow-up of the war there. Truman was pleased to issue the proclamation of   VE Day   on 8 May 1945 his 61st birthday.  [62]  [63]
We have discovered the most terrible bomb in the history of the world. It may be the fire destruction prophesied in the Euphrates Valley Era, after Noah and his fabulous Ark be.
"
"
Harry Truman to write about the atomic bomb in his diary  [64]
As part of the Allied victory, Truman traveled to Europe for the   Potsdam Conference  . He was there when he learned that the   Trinity test   of the first atomic bomb on July 16 was successful. He hinted to   Joseph Stalin   that the US is in the process of a new type of weapon to use against the Japanese. Although this was the first time the Soviets had officially information about the atomic bomb, Stalin was already aware of the bomb project after it (via learned   espionage  ) long before Truman did.  [65]  [66]  [67]
In August, after the German government refused to surrender requirements Truman authorized the atomic bombing of Japan.Although it was not known how devastating the explosions and the consequences would be, Truman, like most Americans, was not inclined merciful towards the Japanese to be during the long years of war. Truman always said that his decision to Japan to bomb saved lives on both sides; Military estimates for   an invasion  of the Japanese home islands were, it could take a year and result in 250,000 to 500,000 American casualties. He also knew that the program could cost $ 2000000000, and so he was not inclined to an alternative that could quickly end the war without.Hiroshima was bombed on August 6 and Nagasaki three days later. When the Japanese were slow to emerge, Truman ordered a massive conventional air raid on Tokyo August 13; Japan   agreed to surrender   the following day.  [68]  [69]

Truman announced the surrender of Japan. Washington, DC, August 14, 1945
Proponents of Truman's decision argue that given the stubborn defense of the Japanese islands, saved the bombing hundreds of thousands of lives that would be lost invading mainland Japan have.Others have argued that the use of nuclear weapons was unnecessary and immoral in nature.  [70]  Truman wrote, later in life, that, "I knew what I was doing when I stopped the war ... I have no regrets and under the same circumstances, I would do it again. "  [71]

Strikes and economic upheaval [  edit  ]

See also:   strike wave of 1946
The end of World War II was followed by a troubled transition from war to a peacetime economy. The cost of the war effort were enormous, and Truman was anxious decreasing government spending for the military as soon as possible.Demobilization, the military and the reduction in the size of the various services was a cost-saving priority. The effect of the demobilization of the economy was unknown, but concerns were that the nation would slip back into depression.Much of the work was to be done in order to plan how best to peacetime production of goods transition are avoiding mass unemployment for returnees. Government officials had no consensus on what should steer economic course of the postwar US.Moreover, Roosevelt had not taken to Congress in his last years on, and Truman faced a body, where a combination of Republicans and conservative Democrats south formed a powerful voting bloc.  [72]
The President was confronted with the revival of labor-management conflicts that had lain dormant during the war years, severe shortages of housing and consumer products and widespread dissatisfaction with inflation, which meet at a point 6% in a single month.  [73]   At this polarized environment, a wave of destabilization strike was in major industries. Answer Truman, it was generally considered ineffective.  [73]  A rapid increase in costs was fueled by the release of price controls on most items, and work sought wage increases. A serious steel strike in January 1946 with 800,000 employees-the largest in the nation history was followed by a miners' strike in April and a rail strike May. The public was furious, with a majority in polls favoring a ban on strikes by public employees and a one-year moratorium on work actions. Truman proposed legislation to  develop   striking workers in the armed forces and in a dramatic personal appearance before Congress could announce settlement of the rail strike. His proposal passed the House of Representatives, but failed in the Senate.  [74]  [75]   For products where price controls remained, producers were often unwilling to artificially low prices for sale: farmers refused to grain for months in 1945 and 1946 for sale until payment has been substantially increased, although grain was urgently needed, not only for home use, but to ward off hunger in Europe.  [76]

Truman with   Greek American sponge divers, Florida 1947
Although the labor dispute was dampened after the completion of the railway strike, continued it through Truman's presidency.The President of the approval rate fell from 82% in the polls in January 1946 to 52% in June. [77]   This dissatisfaction with the policies of the Truman administration led to major Democratic losses in the midterm elections of 1946, when the Republicans control of Congress for the first time since 1930. The   80th Congress   included Republican freshmen who would emerge in the coming years, including Wisconsin Senator   Joe McCarthy   and California Congressman   Richard Nixon  . When Truman dropped to 32% in the polls, Arkansas Democratic Senator   William Fulbright   suggested that Truman withdraw; the President said that it does not matter what Senator "Half-brightness" said him.  [78]  [79]
Truman cooperated closely with the Republican leaders in foreign policy, although he fought them bitterly on domestic issues. The power of the unions was significantly curtailed   Taft-Hartley Act , which was enacted   over Truman's veto .  [80]  twice to reduce Truman vetoed bills to income tax rates in 1947. Although the initial vetoes were sustained, overwrote Congress his veto of a tax cut bill in 1948. The parties cooperate on some issues;Congress passes the   President Succession Act 1947  so that the Speaker of the House instead of the Secretary of State's turn to the presidency after the vice president. [81]
As he prepares for the 1948 election, Truman made ​​clear his identity as a Democrat in the   New Deal   tradition, advocating   national health insurance  , [82]   the repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act and an aggressive civil rights program, which he described as a moral priority. Taken together, they formed a broad legislative agenda that came hot "  Fair Deal  . "  [83] Truman proposals were not good by Congress in Congress after 1948 received only one of the most important Fair Deal bills, even with a new Democratic majorities The   Housing Act of 1949  , was always enforced.  [84]  [85]   On the other hand, the major New Deal programs were still in operation not canceled, and there were minor improvements and enhancements in many of them.  [86]

Creation of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan, start the Cold War  [  edit  ]

As Wilson   internationalist Truman strongly supported founding of the United Nations, and included Eleanor Roosevelt on the delegation first of the UN   General Assembly  .  [87]   with the Soviet Union expanded its sphere of influence through Eastern Europe, Truman and his foreign policy advisers took a hard line against the USSR. In this, he matched the American public opinion, which quickly came to the Soviets as anxious to see the world domination.  [88]
Although he claimed no personal expertise to foreign bodies, won Truman bipartisan support for both the   Truman Doctrine  , which formalized a policy of the Soviet  attitude  and the   Marshall Plan  , for the reconstruction of postwar Europe. [89]  [90]  To to bring the Congress to the huge sums necessary to spend the moribund European economy new, Truman used an ideological argument, arguing that Communism flourishes in economically disadvantaged areas.  [91]  As part of the US   Cold War  strategy Truman signed the  National Security Act, 1947   and reorganized forces by merging the  Department of War   and the  Department of the Navy   in the National Military Establishment (later  Department of Defense  ) and the creation of the   US Air Force  . The act also created the   CIA  and the   National Security Council  .  [92]  In 1952, Truman secretly consolidated and authorized the CryptoLogic elements of the United States through the creation of the   National Security Agency   (NSA).

Berlin Airlift  [  edit  ]

For more details on this topic, see  Berlin Blockade  .
On 24 June 1948, the Soviet Union blocked access to the three   western sectors hero  of Berlin. The Allies had a deal to guarantee low supply of sectors in the Soviet-occupied zone never negotiated.The commander of the American occupation zone in Germany, General Lucius D. Clay  , proposed sending a large armored column in the Soviet occupation zone to   West Berlin   believed the statement to defend themselves when they stopped or attacked wurden.Truman this would be an unacceptable bring risk of war with itself. He approved   Ernest Bevin  plan to supply the blocked city from the air. On June 25, the Allies initiated the  Berlin airlift  delivered as coal, a campaign that food and other supplies, with massive military aircraft. Nothing like it had never been attempted before, and no single nation had the ability to either logistically or materially to have them done. The airlift worked; Ground access was re-issued on May 11, 1949. However, the airlift continued for several months thereafter.The Berlin Airlift was one of the major foreign policy successes Truman; it significantly aided his election campaign in 1948th  [93]

Recognition of Israel  [  edit  ]


President Truman in the Oval Office, receiving a   Hanukkah   Menorah  from the Prime Minister of Israel,  David Ben-Gurion   (center). On the right side is  Abba Eban  , Israeli Ambassador to the US
Truman had a long time interest in the history of the Middle East, and had read many books on ancient history and the events in the Bible in context. He was sympathetic to those who wanted a Jewish homeland in   Palestine Mandate  . As a senator he Jewish leaders had assured his support for   Zionism  , and at a 1943 rally in Chicago had for a homeland for the Jews, who referred survived the Nazi regime. A Jewish homeland in Palestine was very popular in the United States, and the Jewish support could be key in the upcoming presidential elections. However, State Department officials were cautious with the Arabs, who were opposed to the establishment of a Jewish state in their midst beleidigen.Verteidigungsminister  James Forrestal  warned Truman of the importance of the  Saudi Arabian   oil in another war; Truman replied that he did his policies on the basis of equity, not the oil.Decide would  [94]   In addition, when diplomats were called home from the Middle East, advised Truman and promoted the Arab view Truman said he had a few Arabs among its components. [95]
American politicians 1947/48 agreed that the highest foreign policy goal was unfolded containment of Soviet expansion when the Cold War. From the perspective of many officials, Palestine was secondary to the objective of protecting the "Northern Tier" of Greece, Turkey and Iran from Communism, as promised in the Truman Doctrine.  [96]   Truman was tired of both the tortuous policy the Middle East and the insistence of the Jewish leaders of his term and was undecided about his policies. He later as crucial in its decision, the Jewish state the advice of his old business partner, Eddie Jacobson, a non-religious Jews whom Truman recognize absolutely trustworthy cited.  [95]   Truman made ​​the decision, Israel recognized over the objections of the Secretary of State  George Marshall  , who it could harm relations with the Arab states gefürchtet.Marshall believes the paramount threat to the United States, the Soviet Union, and feared that the Arab oil would be lost to the United States in time of war;he warned Truman that the US was "playing with fire with nothing to put it out." [97]  Truman recognized the   State of Israel  on May 14 1948 11 Minutes, after   it agreed to a nation  .  [98]  [99 ]
Truman later wrote:
Hitler murdered Jews left and right. I saw it and I dream even to this day. The Jews needed a place where they could go. It is my position that the US government could not stand idly by while the victims [of] Hitler's madness are not allowed to build a new life. [100]

1948 election  [  edit  ]

For more details on this topic, see  United States presidential election, 1948  .
The   1948 presidential election   is remembered for Truman's stunning come-from-behind victory.  [101]   In the spring of 1948, Truman was public approval rating at 36%,  [102]   and the President was almost universally regarded as incapable of winning the general choice.The "New Deal "cooperatives within the party, including Roosevelt's son   James  -tried for the Democratic nomination to vibrate General  Dwight D. Eisenhower  , a very popular figure whose political views and party affiliation were completely unknown.Eisenhower emphatically refused to accept, and Truman outflanked opponents on his nomination.  [101]

Truman was widely expected that the 1948 election, losing the   Chicago Tribune   ran this headline wrong.
At the   1948 Democratic National Convention, Truman, the party tried adding a vague civil unify plank in the party platform; The aim was to appease the internal conflicts between the northern and southern wing of his party. Events took the President's efforts at compromise, however. A sharp address given by Mayor   Hubert Humphrey  of   Minneapolis  -as well as the local political interests of a number of urban bosses-convinced the Convention, a stronger civil rights plank that Truman authorized to accept wholeheartedly. All Alabama delegates, and part of the Mississippi, walked out of the Congress in protest.  [103]  Undeterred Truman delivered an aggressive acceptance speech attacking the 80th Congress, Truman as "Do Nothing Congress",  [73]  and promising choice to attract and "make these Republicans like it."  [104]
Within two weeks of the 1948 Convention Truman issued  Executive Order 9981  , racially  integrate   the US Armed Services[105]  [106]  [107]   and Executive Order 9980, the federal government to integrieren.Truman took considerable political risks in securing civil rights and many experienced Democrats were concerned that the loss of the   Dixiecrat support might destroy the Democratic Party. The fear seemed well founded-South Carolina Governor  Strom Thurmond  declared his candidacy for the presidency on a Dixiecrat ticket and conducted a large-scale revolt of the southern "  states' rights "advocates. This rebellion on the right was matched by a left on the side of Wallace on the LED   Progressive Party  Ticket.Unmittelbar after the first post-FDR convention of the Democratic Party found itself disintegrating. Victory in November seemed a remote possibility, not just split with the party, but split three ways.  [108]  For his running mate, Senator Truman accepted Kentucky   Alben W. Barkley  , even though he really wanted to Justice  William O. Douglas  , who must the nomination.  [109]
The campaign was a remarkable 21,928 miles (35,290 km) presidential odyssey. [110]   In a personal appeal to the nation, Truman crisscrossed the US by train; his " Whistle Stop "speeches from the rear platform of the  observation car  Ferdinand Magellan  came to his campaign to vertreten.Seine combative appearances, as in the marketplace of  Harrisburg  , Illinois, captured the popular imagination and drew huge crowds. Six stations in   Michigan   drew a combined half a million people;  [111]   . a full million turned out for a New York City ticker-tape parade  [112]
The large, mostly spontaneous gatherings at Truman railcars events were an important sign of a change in momentum in the campaign, but this shift went virtually unnoticed by the national press corps, which the report Republicans continue to  Thomas Dewey  's apparent imminent victory as a certainty. One reason for the press "inaccurate projection was that polls a telephone were mainly by telephone at a time when many people, including a lot of populist Truman basis not have done.  [113] This distorts the data to a stronger support base show for Dewey as bestanden.Es led to unintended and undetected projection error that may have contributed to the perception of the gloomy prospects Truman The three major polling organizations stopped polling well ahead of November 2 election date.  Roper   in September and Crossley and   Gallup   in October -so that not the time to measure when Truman seems past Dewey have increased.  [114]  [115]
In the end, Truman held his progressive Midwestern base, most southern states won in spite of the civil rights plank and squealed with narrow victories in a few critical states, especially Ohio, California and Illinois. The final tally showed that the President had 303 electoral votes, Dewey 189 and Thurmond only 39. Henry Wallace was not secured. The defining image of the campaign came after Election Day, when an ecstatic Truman held aloft the erroneous front page of the Chicago Tribune   with a huge headline proclaiming "  Dewey defeats Truman  . "  [116]

Second term (1949-1953)  [  edit  ]

Truman's inauguration was the first nationally televised.  [117]   His second term was exhausting, especially because of the foreign policy challenges that directly or indirectly connected with its policy of containment. He had to quickly come up with the end of the American nuclear monopoly; with the information provided by its espionage networks in the United States are available, the Soviet Union  atomic bomb project   progressed much faster than had been expected, and they detonated the first bomb on August 29, 1949. In response, on January 7, 1953 announced Truman detonation of first US  hydrogen bomb  .  [118]

Korean War  [  edit  ]

For more details on this topic, see  Korean War  .
President Truman signed a proclamation declaring a national emergency, introduced the US involvement in the Korean War
President Truman signed a proclamation declaring a national emergency, introduced the US involvement in the Korean War
On June 25, 1950,   Kim Il-sung  "s  North Korean People's Army   invaded South Korea, the start of the   Korean War  .In the first weeks of the war, the North Koreans slightly again urged the South.  [119]  Truman called for a naval blockade of Korea, only that to learn because of budget cuts, the US Navy a similar measure could not be implemented.  [120] Truman promptly, the United Nations called on to intervene; it did, authorization troops under the UN flag, led by US General  Douglas MacArthur  .
Truman decided that he need not be formally approved by Congress to believe that most legislators support his position;. It would come back to him later, when the conflict was stalemate track dubbed by the legislature "Mr. Truman's War"  [119 ]  However, on July 3, 1950, Truman did give Senate Majority Leader   Scott W. Lucas   a draft resolution entitled "Joint Resolution expression approval of the action in Korea Taken". Lucas said Congress supported the use of force that the formal dissolution would happen, but was not necessary and that the consensus in Congress was to submit. Truman replied that he did not want "to appear to try to bring the Congress and use except constitutional powers" and Truman added that it "to the Congress, if such a decision should be implemented."  [121]
Until August 1950 US troops were pouring in South Korea under United Nations auspices able to stabilize the situation. [122]  In response to the criticism, the willingness Truman fired his defense minister,   Louis A. Johnson  , he retired with the General Marshall replaced. With UN approval, Truman decided on a "rollback" political conquest of North Korea.  [123]   UN forces under General MacArthur led led the counterattack, scoring a stunning upset win with an amphibious landing at the   Battle of Inchon  that captures almost the invaders , UN troops then marched north, toward the  Yalu River   border with China, with the goal of Korean reunification under the auspices of the United Nations. [124]  However, China surprised the UN forces with a large-scale invasion in November.The UN troops were forced back under the   38th Latitude  , then recovered.   [125]  By early 1951 the war a violent stalemate at about the 38th parallel, where he had begun. Truman rejected MacArthur's request to Chinese supply bases north of the Yalu attack, but MacArthur are still promoted his plan to Republican House leader   Joseph Martin  , who leaked to the press. Truman was very worried that could further escalation of the war lead to a conflict with the Soviet Union (with Korean markings and Soviet airmen) to open already supplied weapons and providing combat aircraft. Therefore, on April 11, 1951, Truman fired MacArthur from his commands.  [126]
You more hell
I fired him [MacArthur], because he does not respect the authority of the President ... I did not fire him because he was a dumb son of a bitch, though, but that's not against the law for Generäle.Wenn, would the half to three-quarters of them in prison.  [127]
Harry S. Truman, quoted   time   magazine
The   dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur   was among the least politically popular decisions in Presidential History.Truman's approval ratings plummeted, and he faced calls for his  ouster   from, among others, Senator   Robert Taft  .  [128]  strong criticism from almost all quarters accused Truman refusing to shoulder the blame went to war angry and blame his generals instead. Others, including Eleanor Roosevelt, supported and applauded decision Trumans.MacArthur Meanwhile back in the US to a hero's welcome, and addressed a joint session of Congress, a speech by the President as "a bunch of fucking shit."  [129 ]
The war was a frustrating impasse for two years, with more than 30,000 Americans killed until a ceasefire ended the fighting in 1,953th  [130]   In February 1952 Truman was Approval at 22% according to  Gallup polls  , which until  George W. Bush   in 2008, the all-time lowest approval mark for an active American president.  [131]

Worldwide Defense  [  edit  ]


Truman and the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru  during Nehru's visit to the United States, October 1949
The escalation of the Cold War was highlighted by consent Truman's  NSC-68 , a secret statement of foreign policy. He called for a tripling of the defense budget, and globalization and militarization of containment policy, with the US and its NATO allies would respond militarily actual Soviet expansion. The document was designed by   Paul Nitze  consulted the State and Defense officials; It was officially opened by President Truman as the official national strategy approved by the outbreak of war in Korea. It called for the partial mobilization of the US economy faster Armour to build than the Soviets. The plan for the strengthening of Europe, the weakening of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the US designated militarily and economically.  [132]   A tragedy, early in the second term, Truman came with the death of US Secretary of Defense Forrestal, soon after his retirement. Forrestal had burned out through years of hard work during and after the war, and began to suffer mental health problems. He retired in March 1949;Shortly thereafter he was hospitalized and committed suicide in May.  [133]
Truman was a strong supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (  NATO), the formal peacetime military alliance with Canada and many of the democratic European states that had not fallen under Soviet control after World War established.The Treaty establishing it was very popular and passed the Senate in 1949, slightly;Truman appointed General Eisenhower as Commander in Chief. NATO's objectives were to contain Soviet expansion in Europe and a strong message to the Communist leaders, the world's democracies were willing and able new security structures to support democratic ideals Send to build.The United States, Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Portugal, Iceland and Canada signed the original contract. The Alliance led to the Soviets to launch a similar alliance, known as the   Warsaw Pact .  [134]  [135]
General Marshall was Truman's principal adviser on foreign policy matters, such decisions affect how the US election not to direct military aid to offer   Chiang Kai-shek  and his Nationalist Chinese forces in the Chinese civil war   against their Communist enemies. Opinion Marshall was against the advice of almost all Truman other consultants he saw that even propping up Chaing troops would be US needs to run resources in Europe in order to prevent the Soviets.  [136]   When the Communists control of the mainland leave, the Nationalists to   Taiwan   and the founding of the   People's Republic of China  , Truman would ready been keeping a relationship between the US and the new government, but Mao was not ready. [137]  In June 1950, Truman ordered the US Navy's   Seventh Fleet   in the   Strait of Taiwan   to further conflict between the communist government in mainland China and prevent  Republic of China   (ROC) on Taiwan.  [138]

Soviet espionage and McCarthyism  [  edit  ]

In August 1948   Whittaker Chambers  , a former spy for the Soviets and a senior editor at   Time   magazine, testified before the   House Un-American Activities Committee  (HUAC) states that an underground communist network had worked in the US government since the 1930s, Chambers of whom was a member, along with   Alger Hiss  , until recently a senior official of the Außenministeriums.Obwohl Hiss denied the allegations, he was sentenced in January 1950 for perjury for his denials under oath.Success of the Soviet Union in exploding a nuclear weapon in 1949 and the overthrow of the nationalist Chinese same year, many Americans led to the conclusion that subversion of Soviet spies was responsible, and to request that the Communists be rooted out of the government and other places of influence. [139]  [140]  However, Truman not fully share such opinions. He called famous Hiss trial a "red herring" and the Ministry of Justice was moving to indict Chambers instead Hiss for perjury.  [141]
After Hiss conviction, Secretary of State Dean Acheson   announced that he was standing by him. These and other events, such as the revelation that British atomic scientist   Klaus Fuchs   was a spy, led current and former members of the HUAC, including Congressman Nixon of California and   Karl Mundt   of South Dakota to Truman and his government, in particular the State Department denounced as soft on Kommunismus.Wisconsin Senator McCarthy used a   Lincoln Day   speech in   Wheeling, West Virginia   to the State Department accused of harboring communists, and rode the controversy surrounding political fame. [142]   In the following years, Republicans used Hiss Conviction the Democrats for harboring communists scourge in the government; Congressman Nixon   won the election to the Senate in 1950   on an anti-communist platform, defeating the Liberal   Helen Gahagan Douglas  , whom he described as "Pink Lady".  [143]
Charges that Soviet agents had the government was infiltrated accepted by 78% of people in 1946, and became a major campaign issue for Eisenhower 1,952th [144]   Truman hesitated, taking a more radical stance because he feared that full disclosure of the extent of communist infiltration would reflect badly on the Democratic Party. This is reflected, among other things, in his interview of 1956, in which he denied that Alger Hiss has ever been a Communist, a full six years after Hiss's conviction for perjury been.  [145]   In 1949, he called the American Communist leaders, or their management   was the persecution  , "traitors", but in 1950 he vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Act  was, but passed on his veto.  [146]   Truman later state in private conversations with friends that his establishment of a loyalty program was a "terrible "error.  [147]

White House renovations;Assassination  [  edit  ]

For more details on this topic, see  Truman assassination attempt  .
Inside a building renovated, with scaffolding
View of the inner shell of the White House during the reconstruction in 1950
In 1948, Truman ordered a controversial addition to the outside of the  White House , "a balcony on the first floor of the south portico, when it was  Truman Balcony  . "The addition was unpopular; Some said they spoiled the appearance of the south facade, but it was the first family more living space.  [148]  [149]   [150]   The work revealed structural defects, the engineering experts to conclude that the building, much of it on 130 years, was in a dangerous dilapidated condition. The August collapsed part of the floor and Truman's own bedroom and bathroom were closed as unsafe. No public notice of the serious structural problems of the White House was won only after the election of 1948, by which time Truman had been informed that his new balcony was the only part of the building that was sound. As a result, the family moved Truman near   Blair House  . As the newer  West Wing  , including the   Oval Office  , remained open, Truman found himself working across the street to walk on every morning and afternoon. In due course, the decision was made ​​to demolish and rebuild the entire interior of the main White House again, and dig new basements and underpin the basics. The famous exterior of the structure has not been supported and retained during the renovation went inside. The work lasted from December 1949 to March 1952.  [151]

Steel and coal strikes  
[  edit  ]  On November 1, 1950   Puerto Rican  nationalists  Griselio Torresola   and  Oscar Collazo  attempted murder Truman at Blair House.The attack, which was simply the president's life had taken, drew new attention to safety concerns surrounding residence Truman at Blair House. He had jumped up from a nap and watched the shooting of his open bedroom window until a passerby shouted at him to take cover.Deadly on the street in front of the residence, Torresola wounded a White House policeman,   Leslie Coffelt  . Before he died, shot and killed the officer Torresola.Collazo, as co-conspirators in a felony that turned into a murder case, was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death in 1952 Truman later commuted his sentence to life imprisonment. In recognition of the importance of the question of Puerto Rican independence, Truman allowed a   referendum in Puerto Rico in 1952   to determine the status of their relationship with the US [152]  [153]  voted Almost 82% of the population for a new constitution, the  Estado Libre associado.  [154]
For more details on this topic, see  1952 steel strike  .
In response to a labor / management impasse of bitter disagreements over wage and price controls, Truman instructed his  Economy Minister  ,   Charles W. Sawyer to take control of a number of steel mills of the nation in April 1952 Truman cited his authority as Commander in Chief and the need to maintain an uninterrupted supply of steel for ammunition to be used in the war in Korea. The Supreme Court found Truman's actions unconstitutional, however, and vice versa, the order in a large   separation-of-powers  decision,  Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer  .The 6-3 decision, which held that Truman's assertion of authority was too vague and was rooted in any legislative action by Congress, was delivered by a court appointed exclusively of judges by either Truman or Roosevelt. The High Court reversed Truman's order was one of the notable defeats his presidency.  [155]

Scandals and controversies  [  Edit  ]

In 1950, the Senate, led by  Estes Kefauver  numerous allegations of corruption among senior administration officials sought, some of which get   fur coats   and  freezers  in exchange for favors. A large number of employees of the   Internal Revenue Bureau   (now the IRS) were accepting bribes; 166 employees either resigned or were dismissed in 1950, [156]   with many soon face prosecution.When Attorney General   J. Howard McGrath  fired the special prosecutor in early 1952 as too eager Truman fired McGrath.  [157]  Truman submitted a reorganization plan to reform the IRB;Passed Congress, but corruption is a major problem in the 1952 presidential election. [158]  [159]
On December 6, 1950 music critic   Paul Hume   wrote a critical review of a concert by Margaret Truman
Miss Truman is a unique American phenomenon with a pleasant voice of the small size and fair quality ... [they] do not sing very well ... flat is a good deal of time more last night than at any time we heard it, in recent years ... has over the years we have improved they have heard ... [and] still can not even come close to having professional finish to sing.  [160]
Harry Truman wrote a scathing response:
I've just read your lousy review of Margaret concert. I have come to the conclusion that you are a 'eight ulcer man on four ulcer of the process. "It seems to me that you are a frustrated old man who wishes he can succeed. If you write such poppy cock as the back of the paper you had to work for it shows conclusively that before the beam and at least four of your ulcers are at work. One day I hope to meet you. When that happens, will a new nose, a lot of beefsteak for black eyes, and perhaps a supporter below! Need  Pegler  , a gutter snipe, a gentleman is next to you. I hope you accept this statement as an insult worse than a reflection about your ancestors.  [160]
Truman was criticized by many for the letter. However, he pointed out that he wrote it as a loving father and not as president.  [161]  [162]  [163]
1951   William M. Boyle  , Truman's longtime friend and chairman of the Democratic National Committee was forced after he accused of financial corruption resign.

Civil rights  [  edit  ]


The   Chicago Defender Announces Executive Order 9980 and  Executive Order 9981 .
Further information:   President Committee for Civil Rights
A report in 1947 by the Truman administration entitled   to secure these rights   , a detailed ten-point agenda of civil rights reform. In February 1948, the President submitted a civil rights agenda to Congress, the creation of several federal agencies on topics such as dedicated proposed  voting rights   and   fair employment  practices.  [164]   This provoked a storm of criticism from Southern Democrats in the run-up to the national nominating convention, but Truman refused to compromise with the words: "My ancestors were Confederates ... but my stomach turned when I learned that Negro soldiers, just back from overseas were thrown and beaten by army trucks in Mississippi."  [165]   Tales of abuse, violence and persecution by many African American veterans upon their return from the Second World War suffered angry Truman and were an important factor in his decision to issue   Executive Order 9981  , in July 1948 desegregation and equal requiring opportunity in the armed forces. [166 ]   After several years of planning, recommendations and revisions between Truman, the   Committee on equal treatment and opportunities   and the various branches of the military was racially integrated army units.  [167]
Another executive order in 1948, made ​​it illegal, against people who discriminate on grounds of race in public service. A third, in 1951, was the   Committee on Government Contract Compliance   (CGCC) .This Committee ensures that defense companies do not discriminate because of race.  [168]  [169]

Administration and Cabinet  [  edit  ]

Truman appointed the following judges of the  Supreme Court  :
Appointment of judges Truman have been called by critics "inexcusable."  [170]   A former Truman aide confided that it was the weakest aspect of Truman's presidency.  [170]   The   New York Times  condemned the appointment of   Tom C. Clark   and   Sherman Minton  in particular As examples of nepotism and favoritism for unqualified candidates.  [170]
The four appointed by Truman judge stood with Judge   Felix Frankfurter  ,   Robert H. Jackson  , and  Stanley Reed   to create a substantial seven-member conservative bloc on the Supreme Court.  [170]   This said the court for a time on the conservatism of the 1920s.  [170]

Other courts  [  edit  ]

In addition to his four Supreme Court appointments, Truman appointed 27 judges to the   Courts of Appeals  , and 101 judges   federal courts  .  [171]

1952 election  [  edit  ]

For more details on this topic, see  United States presidential election, 1952  .
Three men at a desk review of a document
From left: President Harry S. Truman, Vice Presidential Candidate,  Alabama Senator   John J. Sparkman  and presidential candidate,   Governor of Illinois   Adlai Stevenson  .   Oval Office in 1952
In 1951, the US ratified the   22nd Change  , so that after a President of previously selected a president does not stand for election to a third term or for election to a second full time. more than two years remaining in a term The latter situation would clause Truman's 1952 except that advertised a've  grandfather clause   in the amendment expressly excluded from the application to change the current President.  [172]
At the time of the 1952 New Hampshire primary, no candidate had won Truman's backing. His first choice, Chief Justice  Fred M. Vinson  , had refused to run;Illinois Governor  Adlai Stevenson  had a Truman below, Vice President Barkley was considered too old  [173]  [174]   and Truman distrusted and disliked Senator Kefauver, who had made ​​a name for his investigations of the Truman administration scandals. Truman had hoped to recruit General Eisenhower as a Democratic candidate, but found it more interesting to look for the Republican Nominierung.Dementsprechend Truman let his name be entered in the   New Hampshire primary   trailers. The highly unpopular Truman was handily defeated by Kefauver; 18 days later, the president announced that he would be a second full term not to suchen.Truman was finally able to talk Stevenson to run, and the governor won the nomination at the   1952 Democratic National Convention .  [175]
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Harry S. Truman's speech on leaving office, and return home to Independence, Missouri. (15 January 1953)

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Eisenhower won the Republican nomination, Senator Nixon as his running mate, and campaigned against what he denounced as Truman's failures: "Korea, Communism and Corruption". He promised to clean up the "chaos in Washington," [173]  [174]   and promised to "go to Korea." [176]   Eisenhower defeated Stevenson instrumental in the  general election  , ending 20 years democratic president.While Truman and Eisenhower had previously been good friends, Truman felt betrayed that Eisenhower not to denounce Joseph McCarthy during the campaign.[177]   Similarly, Eisenhower was outraged when Truman, who made ​​a whistle tour in support of Stevenson threw the former general neglect of the "sinister forces ... anti-Semitism, anti-Catholicism and anti-foreignism" within the Republican Party. [178]   Eisenhower was so outraged that he did not threaten, the usual ride down Pennsylvania Avenue to the outgoing president before the inauguration make, but Truman meet on the steps of the Capitol, where the swearing takes place. [178]

POST-PRESIDENTIAL  [  EDIT  ]

Painting of Caucasian man in a dark suit with wire glasses and gray hair
Official White House portrait of Harry S. Truman from  Greta Kempton
Upon leaving the presidency, Truman returned to Independence, Missouri, at the Wallace home he and Bess for years had shared with her ​​mother to live.  [179]   Once out of office, quickly decided Truman that he did not want on each company be payroll to believe that the benefits of such financial opportunities would diminish the integrity of the highest office in the nation. He also turned down numerous offers for commercial endorsements. As was the former things proved unsuccessful, he had no personal savings. As a result, he provided financial challenges. After Truman left the White House, his only income was his old army pension: $ 112.56 per month.  [180]  Former members of Congress and the federal courts received a federal pension package; Self-assured President Truman that the former minister of the executive received similar support. In 1953, there was no such package for former presidents,  [181]   and he will not get any pension for his Senate service.  [182]
Two men at a desk with a document with their wives behind them signing
Truman (seated right) and his wife Bess (behind him) at the signing of the   Medicare   Bill on 30 July 1965 by President   Lyndon B. Johnson
Truman took a personal loan from a bank Missouri shortly after leaving office, and set about building another precedent for future former directors :. A book deal for his memoirs of his time in office   Ulysses S. Grant   had overcome similar financial problems with his own memoirs, but the book was published posthumously, and he refused to write about life in the White House in every detail. For the memoirs, Truman received only a flat amount of $ 670,000 and had two-thirds of that pay in taxes; , he calculated he earned $ 37,000 after he paid his assistants  [183]  ​​However, were the memoirs of a commercial and critical success; [184]  [185]   they were published in two volumes in 1955 and 1956 by Doubleday (Garden City, NY) and Hodder & Stoughton (London):   Memoirs by Harry S. Truman: Year of Decisions  and  Memoirs by Harry S. Truman years of trial and hope  .  [186]  [187]
The former president was in 1957 with the words of then-House Majority Leader quotes   John McCormack  not, "Would not it for the fact that I was capable of a property that my brother, sister to sell, and I inherited from our mother, I would be practical for relief, but with the sale of that property I am not financially embarrassed. "  [188]   The following year, Congress passed the  Former Presidents Act  and provides a $ 25,000 annual pension to each ex-president, and it is likely . that the financial status Truman played a role in the law enactment  [181]   The only other living former president at the time,  Herbert Hoover  , also took the pension, even if he does not need the money, according to reports, he has so to embarrassing Truman to be avoided.  [189]
Truman's predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt had organized his own presidential library  allow, but legislation to future presidents, something similar had not adopted to do. Truman worked to collect private donations to a presidential library, which he donated to accepted for further operation-a practice of his successors to build the federal government.  [190]   copied to have appropriated He testified before Congress money, presidential papers and organized, and was proud of passage of the bill in 1957. Max Skidmore, in his book on the life of former President pointed out that Truman was a well-read man, especially in history. Skidmore added that the presidential papers legislation and the establishment of his library "was the highlight of his interest in history. Together, they have a huge contribution to the US-one of the greatest of all the former president is."  [191]
Adlai Stevenson Truman support second bid for the White House in 1956, although he initially favored Democratic Governor  W. Averell Harriman   of New York.  [192]  He continued to work for Democratic Senate candidate for many years.  [193]  After turning 80 in 1964, Truman was celebrated in Washington, and addressed the Senate, makes use of a new rule, the former allowed President to be granted  privileges of the floor  . [194]   After a fall at his home in the end of 1964 decreased his physical condition. In 1965, President  Lyndon B. Johnson  signed the   Medicare  bill at the   Harry S. Truman Library & Museum  and gave the first two Medicare cards to Truman and his wife Bess, the former president fight for honor Healthcare Government in office.  [ 193]

DEATH  [  EDIT  ]


Wreath   at Truman's coffin on the day of the funeral, December 27, 1972,Independence, Missouri
On December 5, 1972 Truman was admitted to Kansas City Hospital and Medical Center with lung congestion from  pneumonia  . He developed multiple organ failure and died at 7:50 clock on 26 December at the age of 88th  [179]  Bess Truman decided to use a simple private service in the library for her husband rather than a state funeral in Washington. A week after the funeral, foreign dignitaries and Washington officials attended a memorial service at Washington National Cathedral  . Bess died in 1982; both are buried at the Harry S. Truman Library & Museum in Independence.  [195]  [196]

TRIBUTES AND LEGACY  [  EDIT  ]

Legacy  [  edit  ]

Man in suit sitting behind desk with sign saying "The buck stops here"
Truman is in 1959 at the recreation of the Oval Office in the Truman Truman Library in 1959 with the famous "  The Buck Stops Here "sign on his desk. (The back of the name says, "I'm from Missouri".)
Citing continuing divisions within the Democratic Party, the continuing Cold War and the boom and bust   cycle, an   American Political Science Association   award-winning 1952 book explains that "hectic, even angry, activity seemed to be the nation after seven years of being on Truman the same general spot than when he is able to record for the first time after office ... Nowhere in the whole Truman a point on a single, decisive breakthrough ... All of his abilities and energies, and he was -were among our most industrious President for are addressed yet. "  [197]  When he left office in 1953, Truman was one of the most disliked CEOs in the Geschichte.Sein job approval rating of 22% in the Gallup poll from February 1952, less than 24% of Richard Nixon in August 1974, the month that Nixon resigned.
American public feeling toward Truman grew steadily warmer over the years; In 1962, a survey of 75 historians under the direction of  Arthur Meier Schlesinger  Place Truman among the "near great" presidents. The time after his death consolidated a partial rehabilitation of his legacy both historians and members of the public.  [198]   Truman died when the nation with crises consumed   Vietnam  and  Watergate  , and his death brought a new wave of attention to his political career. [127]   In the early and mid-1970s, recorded Truman the popular imagination much as he had in 1948, this time, many as a kind of political folk hero, a president who was thought to illustrate an integrity and accountability observers felt was missing in   the Nixon White House  . This public reassessment of Truman was the popularity of a book of memoirs, Truman had the journalist told Aided   Merle Miller  1961 Beginning with the understanding that they are published only after Truman's death.  [199]
Truman had his modern critics as well.After reviewing the information on the presence of espionage in the US government provided Truman, Democratic Senator   Daniel Patrick Moynihan  concluded that Truman was "almost willfully obtuse" about the danger of American communism.  [200]   In 2010, graduated historian Alonzo Hamby that "Harry Truman remains a controversial president." [201]   However, since out of office, Truman has fared in   polls ranking the presidents  . He has never been performed lower than ninth and finished fifth in a ranked free   C-SPAN   survey in the year of 2009.  [202]
The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 caused Truman advocates justification for decisions Truman to achieve in the postwar period. After Truman biographer Robert Dallek, "His contribution to victory in the Cold War without devastating nuclear issue raised him to the stature of a great or near-great president."  [203]   The 1992 publication of   David McCollough  's cheaper biography of Truman further cemented the view of Truman High respected chief executive.  [203]   According to historian Daniel R. McCoy in his book on the Truman Presidency
Harry Truman himself was a strong and far from the false impression that a hard question and direct guide. He was occasionally vulgar, often partisan, and generally nationalist ... on his own terms, as with Truman can prevent the coming of a third world war, and to see with Communist oppression much of what he preserved as the free world. But clearly he largely failed, so that the world safe for democracy and the development of opportunities for individual development to achieve its goal of ensuring Wilson eternal peace internationally.  [204]

Pages and honors  [  Edit  ]


Stamp issued in 1973, after Truman's death  -Truman has been honored in five US postage stamps, issued 1973-1999.  [  205  ]
In 1956, Truman traveled to Europe with his wife. In the UK, he received an honorary doctorate in Civic Law at the University of Oxford and met with  Winston Churchill  . [192]   In 1959, he was a 50-year award by the given   Freemasons  , the honor of his longstanding commitment: he began on February 9 1909 in the Belton  Freemasonry   Lodge in Missouri. In 1911, he helped manufacture the Grandview Lodge, and he served as its first Worshipful Master. Was elected in September 1940, during his Senate re-election campaign, Truman   Grand Master  of the Missouri  Grand Lodge   of Freemasons; Truman said later that the election Masonic assured his victory in the general election. In 1945, he became the 33 ° Sovereign Grand Inspector General and Honorary Member of the Supreme Council of AASR Southern Supreme Council state its headquarters in Washington DC   [206]  [207]   Truman was also a member of the   Sons of the American Revolution   (SAR)  [208]  and a registered member of the   Sons of Confederate Veterans  .  [209]   Two of his relatives were   Confederate  soldiers. [209]  [210]
In 1975, the   Truman Scholarship  is a federal program to honor US college students who created the commitment to public service and leadership in public policy as an example.  [211]  In 2004, President Harry S. Truman Fellowship has in National Security Science and Engineering was created as an emerging three-year postdoctoral appointment at  Sandia National Laboratories  . [212]   In 2001, the   University of Missouri established the Harry S. Truman School of Public Affairs to promote the study and practice of governance.  [213]   The University Missouri   Missouri Tigers athletic programs have an official mascot named   Truman the Tiger  .On July 1, 1996 was East Missouri State University  Truman State University  -to highlight its transformation from a  teacher training college   , a highly selective   liberal arts university   and the only Missourian honor to be President , A member institution of the   City Colleges of Chicago  ,   Harry S Truman College   in  Chicago, Illinois  , is named in his honor for his dedication to public colleges and universities. In 2000, the headquarters for the   State Department  , built in the 1930s, but never officially named, was as devoted to   Harry S Truman Building  .  [214]
Despite Truman's attempt to marine arm, which in 1949 led to crop   Revolt of the Admirals  ,  [215]  an aircraft carrier, according to him benannt.Die   USS   Harry S. Truman   (CVN-75)  was christened on 7 September 1996.  [216]   The   . 129 Field Artillery Regiment   is "Truman's Own" in recognition of Truman's service as commander of its D battery during designated   the First World War  .  [217]
1984 Truman was posthumously the United States   Congressional Gold Medal  .  [218]  In 1991, he was inducted into the  Hall of Famous Missourians  and a bronze bust of him presentation is on permanent display in the rotunda of the  Missouri State Capitol . In 2006, Thomas Daniel, grandson of the Truman accepted a star on the Walk of Fame Missouri to honor his late grandfather. In 2007, when John Truman, a nephew, accepted a star for Bess Truman.The Walk of Fame is in  Marshfield, Missouri  ., a city visited Truman in 1948 [219]   Other sites with Truman associated include:

Books
  • Ambrose, Stephen E.   (1983). Eisenhower: 1890-1952  . New York :. Simon & Schuster   ISBN 978-0-671-44069-5  .
  • Binning, William C. Esterly, Larry E. Sracic, Paul A. (1999).   Encyclopedia of American parties, campaigns and elections  .Westport, Conn., Greenwood. ISBN   978-0-8131-1755-3  .
  • Burnes, Brian (2003).   Harry S. Truman: His Life and Times .Kansas City, Mo., Kansas City Star Books   ISBN   978-0-9740009-3-0  .
  • Chambers II, John W. (1999). The Oxford Companion to American Military History  . . Oxford: Oxford University Press,   ISBN  0-19-507198-0  .
  • Cohen, Eliot A.  ; . Gooch, John (2006)   Military Misfortunes: The Anatomy of failure in war  .New York :. Free Press   ISBN  978-0-7432-8082-2  .
  • Dallek, Robert   (2008).   Harry S. Truman  . . New York: Times Books   ISBN   978-0-8050-6938-9  .
  • Daniels, Jonathan   (1998).  The Man of Independence .University of Missouri Press. ISBN   0-82621190-9  .
  • Donovan, Robert J.   (1983). Stormy Years: 1949-1953  .New York :. WW Norton   ISBN  978-0-393-01619-2  .
  • Eakin, Joanne C. Hale, Donald R., eds. (1995).   Branded as rebels  . Madison, Wisc. University of Wisconsin Press. ASIN   B003GWL8J6  .
  • Eisler, Kim Isaac (1993).   A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the decisions that transformed America  . New York :. Simon & Schuster   ISBN 978-0-671-76787-7  .
  • Ferrell, Robert Hugh   (1994). Harry S. Truman: A Life .Columbia, Mo:. University of Missouri Press.   ISBN   978-0-8262-1050-0  .
  • Freeland, Richard M.   (1970). The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism  .New York :. Alfred A. Knopf  ISBN  978-0-8147-2576-4  .
  • Giglio, James N. (2001). Truman in cartoon and caricature  . Kirksville, Mo:.. Truman State University Press ISBN   978-0-8138-1806-1  .
  • Hamby, Alonzo L., ed. (1974).  Harry S. Truman and the Fair Deal  . Lexington, Ma. DC Heath and Company.   ISBN  978-0-669-87080-0  .
  • . Hamby, Alonzo L. (1995)   Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman  . . Oxford: Oxford University Press   ISBN  978-0-19-504546-8  .
  • Hamilton, Lee H.   (2009) James A. Thurber  .   Rivals for Power:  Presidential-Congressional Relations  . .Rowman & Littlefield   ISBN   0-74256142-9  .
  • Holsti, Ole   (1996).   Public opinion and American foreign policy  .ANN Arbor, Mich.:. The University of Michigan Press  ISBN   978-0-472-06619-3  .
  • Hunter, Stephen  ; . Bainbridge, Jr., John (2005)  American Shootout: the plot to kill Harry Truman - and the Shoot-out, it stopped  . New York :. Simon & Schuster   ISBN   978-0-7432-6068-8  .
  • . Hurwood, Burn Hardt J, Gosfield, Frank (1969).   Korea: Land of the 38th parallel  .New York: Parents Magazine Press.Page 123rd
  • Judis, John B. (2014).  Genesis: Truman, American Jews, and the Origins of the Arab / Israeli conflict  . . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux   ISBN   978-0-374-16109-5  .
  • Kirkendall, Richard S. (1989). Harry S. Truman encyclopedia .Boston :. GK Hall Publishing ISBN   978-0-8161-8915-1  .
  • Kloetzel, James E. Charles, Steve, eds. (April 2012).   Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue  a  . Sidney, Ohio :.Scott Publishing Company  ISBN  978-0-89487-460-4  .
  • Lenczowski, George   (1990). American Presidents and the Middle East  . Durham, NC :.Duke University Press  ISBN  978-0-8223-0972-7  .
  • McCoy, Donald R. (1984).   The Presidency of Harry S. Truman . Lawrence, Kan., University Press of Kansas  ISBN   978-0-7006-0252-0  .
  • McCullough, David   (1992). Truman  . New York :. Simon & Schuster   ISBN   978-0-671-86920-5  .
  • MacGregor, J. Morris, Jr. (1981).   The integration of the armed forces from 1940 to 1965 .Washington, DC: Center of Military History.   ISBN   978-0-16-001925-8  .
  • Martin, Joseph William   (1960). My First Fifty Years in Politics as Robert J. Donovan Told .New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Miller, Merle   (1974).   Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman . New York :.Putnam Publishing Group  ISBN   978-0-399-11261-4  .
  • Mitchell, Franklin D. (1998) .Columbia, Mo:. University of Missouri Press.  ISBN   0-8262-1180-1  .
  • Oshinsky, David M.   (2004). "Harry Truman". Brinkley, Alan;Dyer, Davis.   The American Presidency  .Boston :. Houghton Mifflin   ISBN  978-0-618-38273-6  .
  • Pietrusza, David   (2011). 1948: Harry Truman Improbable Victory and the Year that Transformed America  .New York :. Union Square Press ISBN   978-1-4027-6748-7  .
  • Savage, Sean J. (1991). Roosevelt: The party leader, 1932-1945  . Lexington, Ky. The University Press of Kentucky.  ISBN   978-0-8131-1755-3  .
  • Skidmore, Max J. (2004). (Revised ed.). New York :.Macmillan   ISBN   978-0-312-29559-2  .
  • Stohl, Michael   (1988)."National Interests and state terrorism."  The terrorism policy .New York:   CRC Press  .
  • Stokesbury, James L. (1990).  A brief history of the Korean War . New York :. Harper Perennial  ISBN   978-0-688-09513-0  .
  • Troy, Gil (2008).   Leading from the Center: Why Moderates Make the Best Presidents . . New York: Basic Books   ISBN 978-0-465-00293-1  .
  • , Truman, Harry S. (1955) Memories: Year of Decisions   1 . Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
  • , Truman, Harry S. (1956) Memoirs: Years of trial and hope   2  .Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
  • Truman, Margaret   (1973). Harry S. Truman  . New York: William Morrow & Co.   ISBN 978-0-688-00005-9  .
  • Weinstein, Allen   . (1997) Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case   (revised ed.) New York :.. Random House  ISBN   0-679-77338-X  .
Magazines
  • Ayoob, Massad   (2006)."Drama at Blair House: the assassination of Harry Truman."   American Handgunner   (March-April 2006).
  • Griffith, Robert, ed. (Fall 1975)."Truman and the historian: the reconstruction of postwar American history."   The Wisconsin Magazine of History  59   (1).
  • Hamby, Alonzo L (August 2008) ". In 1948 Democratic Convention The South Secedes Again".  Smithsonian  .
  • Hechler, Ken  ; Elsey, George M. (2006). "The biggest surprise in American Political History: Harry Truman and the 1948 election."  White House Studies   (Winter).
  • Matray, James I. (1 September 1979). "Truman's Plan for Victory: National Self Determination and the Thirty-Eighth Parallel Decision in Korea."  Journal of American History   66  . (2)   doi  :
  • May, Ernest R. (2002). "1947-1948: The Marshall Kept the US war in China."  The Journal of Military History   . (October 2002)   JSTOR 
  • Neustadt, Richard E.   (1954). "Congress and the Fair Deal: An Act balance."   Public Policy  (Boston)   5  . reprinted in  Hamby 1974  , pp. 15-42
  • Ottolenghi, Michael (December 2004). "Harry Truman's recognition of Israel."  Historical Journal   47   (4).
  • Smaltz, Donald C.   (July 1998) "Independent Counsel: A View from Inside"..   The Georgetown Law Journal   86   (6).
  • . Strout, Lawrence N. (1999). "Covering McCarthyism: How the Christian Science Monitor Handled Joseph R. McCarthy, 1950-1954,"   Journal of Political and Military Sociology  2001   (summer).
  • Wells, Jr., Samuel F. (Fall 1979). . "Sounding the Tocsin: NSC 68 and the Soviet threat"  International  2012  .
Time

CONCENTRATION CAMP 1942-1945 - PHOTOGRAPHY

  • CAUGHT IN A WORK ARMS COMPANY.KZ DACHAU, GERMANY BETWEEN 1940 AND 1945TH
  • PRISONERS IN HARD WORKING SS SECURITY IN AN ARMOR OPERATION. KZ DACHAU, GERMANY, 1943RD
  • A CHEMISTRY LABORATORY IN THE WORKS IN SYNTHETIC RUBBER BUNA BUNA-MONOWITZ.POLEN, BETWEEN 1941 AND JANUARY 1945TH
  • PRISONERS IN FORCED LABOR IN THE SIEMENS WERK.LAGER AUSCHWITZ, POLAND, 1940-1944.
  • MAP, THE EMPLOYEE OF AUSCHWITZ-MONO JOKE BY CATEGORY AND NATIONALITY OF INSASSEN.POLEN 16 JANUARY 1945TH
  • PRODUCTION LINE WHERE FORCED WORKERS MADE V-BOMBS AT DORA CENTRAL CONCENTRATION CAMP, NEAR NORDHAUSEN.DEUTSCHLAND, APRIL-MAY 1945TH
  • VICTIM OF MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS IN NS ICE COLD WATER AT CONCENTRATION CAMP DACHAU DIPPED. SS DOCTOR SIGMUND RASCHER SUPERVISED THE VERSUCH.DEUTSCHLAND, 1942ND
  • A PRISONER IN A COMPRESSION ROOM THE MIND LOSE BEFORE HE DIES DURING A SIMULATED EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE MAJOR HÖHEN.KZ DACHAU, GERMANY, 1942ND
  • A ROMANI (GYPSY) VICTIMS OF NAZI MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS TO SEA WATER FOR POTABLE MACHEN.KZ DACHAU, GERMANY, 1944TH
  • CLANDESTINE PHOTO BY A GERMAN CIVIL, DACHAU KZ-PRISONERS TO A DEATH MARCH TOWARDS THE SOUTH BY A VILLAGE ON THE WAY TO WOLFRATSHAUSEN ÜBERNOMMEN.DEUTSCHLAND, BETWEEN 26 TO 30 APRIL 1945TH
  • PRISONERS FROM DACHAU TO DEATH MARCH SOUTH TOWARDS WOLFRATSHAUSEN.DEUTSCHLAND, BETWEEN 26 AND 29 APRIL 1945TH
  • CASE, THE PEOPLE TO CAMP AUSCHWITZ DEPORTED GEHÖRTE.DIESES PHOTO WAS TAKEN AFTER THE SOVIET TROOPS THE BEARING BEFREIT.AUSCHWITZ, POLAND, AFTER JANUARY 1945TH
  • HAIR OF WOMEN PRISONERS FOR DELIVERIES TO GERMANY PREPARED FOR THE LIBERATION OF DESTRUCTION CENTER AUSCHWITZ GEFUNDEN.POLEN, 1945TH
  • PILES OF PRAYER SHAWLS, THE JEWISH VICTIMS WAS ONE AFTER THE LIBERATION OF THE CAMP AUSCHWITZ GEFUNDEN.POLEN, AFTER JANUARY 1945TH
  • AFTER THE LIBERATION OF THE CAMP AUSCHWITZ: A WAREHOUSE OF CLOTHES, THE WOMEN WHO KILLED GEHÖRTE.AUSCHWITZ, POLAND, AFTER JANUARY 1945TH
  • AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS ESCORT GERMAN CIVILIANS BY A SITE WHERE PRISONERS WERE FOR A DEATH MARCH FROM BUCHENWALD ERMORDET.SOLCHE TOURS THE CRIME OF FORCED GERMAN SS COMMITTED TO CLOSE ERKENNEN.IN NAMMERING, GERMANY 1945TH
  • FORMER PRISONERS OF WÖBBELIN AN EXTERNAL STORAGE OF KZ NEUENGAMME BE GIVEN TO A HOSPITAL FOR MEDICAL ATTENTION GEMACHT.DEUTSCHLAND, MAY 4 1945TH
  • CORPSES FOUND WHEN USTROOPS GUSEN, A SUBCAMP OF MAUTHAUSEN BEFREIT.ÖSTERREICH, AFTER MAY 12, 1945.
  • AN AMERICAN SOLDIER TIPS TO, A FORMER PRISONER IN CORPSES OF VICTIMS AT DORA CENTRAL CONCENTRATION CAMP LYING AROUND NORDHAUSEN.GERMANY,, 10. APRIL 1945TH
  • US TROOPS TO SEE CORPSES OF VICTIMS OF KAUFERING IV, A SIDE BEARING IN DACHAU LANDENBERG-KAUFERING-BEREICH.DEUTSCHLAND, APRIL 30, 1945TH

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