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Rosa Parks

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Rosa Parks




From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses      , Rosa Parks (disambiguation)     .
Rosa Parks
Rosaparks.jpg
In 1955, Rosa Parks, and      Martin Luther King Jr.    in the background
BornRosa Louise McCauley
آوریل 2, 1913     Tuskegee, Alabama   , United States of America
DeathOctober 14, 2005 (92 years),  Detroit, Michigan    , United States of America
NationalityAmerican
JobCivil Rights
Known forMontgomery Bus Boycott
OriginTuskegee, Alabama
Spouse (s)Raymond Park (1932-1977)
SignatureRosa Parks Signature.svg
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks      (February 4, 1913 to October 24, 2005)      African-American     Activists,  civil rights       ,      the United States Congress      , "the first lady of civil rights", and "the mother of the freedom movement" called.     [1]      His Birth 4 February and the day he was arrested in December, the first time the      day of Rosa Parks     , the State California and Ohio, United States of America was held.
January 12, 1955 in      Montgomery, Alabama,     Parks refused to obey bus driver      James F.Blake,     the colored portion of the seat to a white passenger, the white section was full. Be the first park to resist segregation on buses. Others have taken similar steps in the twentieth century, including      Irene Morgan      in 1946,    Sarah Louise Keys      in 1955, and members of the    Broder against Gail      Wood (     Claudette Colvin     ,      Aurelia Browder     ,      Susie McDonald    and      Mary Louise Smith    Park prior month) was arrested.      NAACP      supporters suspect that the best candidate to go through the park after the lawsuit was arrested     for civil disobedience      racial segregation laws of Alabama, but the hurt was drowned in the state court.     [2]     [ 3]
Act of defiance and Parks,      the Montgomery bus boycott,      an important symbol of the modern     civil rights movement     . He is an international icon of resistance to  racial segregation was. She organized and collaborated with civil rights, including      Edgar Nixon     , president of the local chapter of the NAACP and      Martin Luther King Jr.    won in the civil rights movement, the new secretary of the city, is the national scene.
At the time, Parks was secretary of the Montgomery NAACP. He recently attended the     Highlander Folk School     ,      a Tennessee      center for workers' rights and racial equality training militants. He served as a private citizen "tired of giving." Although widely honored in recent years he has suffered from his own practice, he worked as a seamstress in a local department store, was fired.
Finally, she  Detroit, Michigan     , where he moved. Shortly before her as a secretary and receptionist for a similar work 1965-1988  John Conyers     , African Americans    , United States Representative  works. Parks wrote in his autobiography retired to private life largely lived in Detroit. In his later years, he suffered from      dementia     .
The park has received national recognition, including in the year one thousand nine hundred seventy-nine NAACP      Spingarn Medal     ,     the Presidential Medal of Freedom     ,      the Congressional Gold Medal     and a posthumous statue in the United States Capitol      's National Sculpture Hall     . After his death in 2005, the first woman and the second is the official language of the United States      to honor the  Capitol rotunda     .

THE EARLY YEARS

Rosa Parks was born      Rosa Louise McCauley      in      Tuskegee, Alabama     , February 4, 1913 to Leona (nee Edwards), a teacher, and James McCauley,      a carpenter     . It was      African     ,      Cherokee    -     creek     ,     [4]      and      the Scots and Irish      . Descent     [5]     was small, like a child with a chronic illness with      tonsillitis     . When her parents separated, she moved with her ​​mother to      Pine Level     , just outside the capital,      Montgomery     . He was a farm with her ​​maternal grandparents, mother and younger brother grew Sylvester.Todos members of      the African Methodist Episcopal Church      (AME), a century-old, independent black denomination was founded by free blacks    in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,      early in the nineteenth.
McCauley attended rural schools     [6]      At the age of eleven. Montgomery Industrial School for Girls student, academic training and professional looking.     
Century than the 20th, when the new constitution and electoral laws that actually runs south of    the voting rights     of black voters, and Alabama, as many poor white voters. White established under      the Jim Crow laws     passed after Democrats won control of legislators from Southern segregation in public schools and shops Taxes      South    , including public transportation. Politics bus and railway companies, with separate facilities for blacks and whites. Transportation to school for black students in the South were not available, in any form of education is not always black and underfunded.
Parks recalled going to elementary school in Pine Level, where school buses took white students to their new school and black students had to go to them:
"I want to see the bus pass every day ... But to me, it's a way of life, he had no choice but to accept what was the custom, the bus was one of the first ways I realized there is a Black and white., and the white world ".     [8]
While autobiography says the park's first memories of the kindness of white strangers, can not ignore the      racist      society. When the      Ku Klux grand      street in front of his house gone, remembers his grandfather guarding the front door with a shotgun.     [9]      Montgomery Industrial School, founded and built by white northerners for black children were twice was burned in     a fire deliberately created     . Faculty was ostracized by the white community.
In 1932, Rosa Parks, Raymond, married to a      hairdresser      is from Montgomery. He is a member of the      NAACP     , at the time of collecting donations to support the defense of      the Scottsboro Boys     , a group of black men falsely accused of raping two women blanches.Rosa had a lot of jobs for workers, hospital aide Homepage. At the insistence of her husband, she graduated from high school in 1933, at a time when less than 7% of African American high school diploma. Despite the Jim Crow laws and segregation of records that failed to register to vote on her third try.
In December 1943, the park in  the civil rights movement  became, try Kapitel DER Montgomery NAACP, UND wurde Sekretär zum. SIE sagte später :: "Die Frau einzige War asleep ICH UND SIE einen brauchte Sekretär, and Zhu Battle UND ICH schüchtern, my and Zu Sagen nein.".    [10]     Fuhr strong SIE Sekretär BIS 1957 ALS.
In 1944, in his role as Minister of Foreign Affairs, which investigates gang rape of      Taylor Recycling     , a black woman in      Abbeville, Alabama     . Parks and other civil rights activists "Equal Justice for Mrs. recycled Taylor Committee" to start the     Chicago Defender      as "it seems a strong campaign for equal justice in a decade".     [11]
Although never a member of      the Communist Party,      she and her husband meetings and the Scottsboro case that was brought to fame by the Communist Party, respectively.     [12]
In the 1940s, Parks and her husband were members of the Voters League. Shortly after 1944, a brief stint at  Maxwell Air Force Base     , the federal property does not allow a separation there. has made ​​her into his car. In an interview with his biographer, Parks noted, "You can say Maxwell opened my eyes to it." Parks worked as a housekeeper and seamstress    Clifford and Virginia Durr     , a white couple, politically     liberal     , Durrs your friends.     
In the month of August 1955 black teenager      Emmett so      suddenly, then, seems to be flirting with a white woman visiting relatives murdered teenager      is Mississippi     .     [13]      On November 27, 1955, Rosa Parks, a mass meeting in Montgomery attended the recent killings of activists raised the matter      of George W. Lee      and      Lamar Smith     . The main speaker was      TRM Howard     , a black civil rights activist in Mississippi, the      regional council of the black leadership     .     [14]      measures in question can discuss their work for the rights of blacks.

PARKS AND THE MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT.

Main articles:      Montgomery Bus Boycott
The bus that Park Saturday, 1-DEC-1955 is implemented.

Montgomery Bus: law and customs in force

In 1900, Montgomery was (in essence, you can only select white) racing steering passengers in the bus apart. Drivers were allowed to allocate seats to achieve this goal. As a rule, passengers are required to move or give up her seat and stand if the bus was crowded and seats were no longer available. With time and custom, however, Montgomery bus drivers took to the practice requires not only knowledge of black space riders.
The first four rows of the Montgomery bus were reserved for whites. Bus Section "Painting" for blacks in general on the back of the bus, even though blacks more than 75% of the number of passengers. Of fixed but based on the position of a moving point is specified. Blacks could not sit in the middle rows, until the white light filled the entrances to the black chair in the back, standing moves, or if no room, leave the bus. Blacks could not sit in the aisle in the same row as the driver Blancs.Le to sign the "colored", or change the white kidnapped completamente.Si We were sitting in the front, black board in front payments and then leave. Through the back door
For years, the black community had complained that the situation was unfair. Park said. "My power has been diverted buses Early particular arrest ... I did a lot of walking in Montgomery."     [6]
One day in 1943, Parks boarded the bus and pay the price. Then he moved into his house, but the pilot,      James F. Blake     said to follow the rules and city bus back through the back door. Park the bus, but before he can return to the rear door panels, Blake came out, the rain in the country.     [15]

She refuses to move

No titled "Bus Stop" on Dexter Avenue. Montgomery of Santa Rosa Parks on the bus, instead of respect for them and the success of the Montgomery bus boycott.
After working all day, Montgomery Park, Cleveland Avenue bus at 18:00, Thursday Saturday, January 12, 1955. After paying rent on an empty seat in the first row of seats behind the "color" Black Sitting reserved. About half of the bus, the number directly behind the ten seats reserved reserved for white passengers. At first, he had not noticed that the bus driver the same man, James F.Blake, who had left the rain in 1943. As buses travel the main route, full of all white-only seats in the bus. Three bus stops in front of the Empire Theater, and several white passengers on board has been.

Bus number 2857 in the park before his arrest (the installer is     "old look" GM transit bus    , serial number 1132), is now a museum piece at the      Henry Ford Museum     .
بلیک اشاره کرد که جلوی اتوبوس با مسافران سفید پر شده بود دو یا سه.منتقل شده علامت بخش "رنگ" پشت پارک و خواستار آن شدند که چهار نفر سیاه را تا کرسی های خود را در بخش میانی به طوری که مسافران سفید می تواند نشستن . Years later, remembering the events of the day, the park, "When the white driver stepped toward us, when he waved his hand and ordered us up and out of your seat, I felt a determination cover my body like a quilt in one night Winter ".     [16]
Signed by Blake Park said, "It is better to light on your family and let me in this chair,"    [17]      Three of them respected the park, said: "We wanted a driver., four of us did not move at first However, he says. "This seat. "And the other three people moved, but I did not."    [18]      The black man sitting next to her gave up his seat.     [19]
Parks moved, but the window sill. To get him to go to the color classification     [19]      Blake said: "Why," Park said: "I do not think I should get up."? Blake called the police to arrest Parks. In describing the incident,      eyes on the prize     , a series of public television in 1987, the Civil Rights Movement, Parks said, "When he saw me still sitting, if I ask, and I said," No I'm not, "and he He said: "Well, if you can, I should call the police and have you arrested. "I said," You can do it ".    [20]
Arrest of Rosa Parks
Photo Save the Park
Park Police report, 12 January 1955 Page 1
The police report in the park, January 12, 1955 Page 2
Fingerprint      Cards park
    Park in a 1956 radio interview with      Sydney Rogers      in      West Oakland  several months after her arrest, she decided that "need to know once and for all what rights I have as a man and citizen".    [21]
In his memoir,      My Story      , said:
People always say that I will not give up my seat because I was tired, but that's not true. I was physically tired and more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. He is old, although some people have an image of me as old.i was forty-two years. No, the only tired I was, I was tired of giving in..     [22]
When Parks refused to surrender her seat refused, a policeman stopped. As police took her, she recalled that she asked, "Why did you grow up?" She remembers telling him. "I do not know, but the law is the law, are under arrest,"     [23]      Later, he said: "I only knew that because I was arrested for the last time I ride in humiliation of this kind ..."     [18]
Park in violation of Chapter 6, Section 11 segregation law of the Montgomery City code calculation was charged.     [24]      , although technically there was a single goal, which is a colored section.     [25]     Edgar Nixon     , President Montgomery NAACP chapter and chairman of the      Pullman Porters Union     , and his friend      Clifford Durr     spared prison after a night parks.     [26]

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Nixon talk      to Joe Robinson     , a professor at  the University of Alabama  and a member of the  Women's Political Council      (WPC), the park. Robinson believes that it is important to seize the opportunity and stay up all night      stencil      over 35,000 flyers announcing a bus boycott. Women's Political Council was the first group boycott is formally approved.
On Sunday, the fourth of the month of December 1955 a program of the Montgomery bus boycott to the black churches in the area, and a front page article in The  Montgomery Advertiser      helped spread the word was unveiled. In one night, church gatherings, participants agreed to continue the boycott until the level of courtesy they expected, black drivers were hired were treated, and in the middle of the bus to arrive at the office.
Days later, Parks was tried on charges of      disorderly conduct      and violation of local regulations.Trial lasted 30 minutes. Once convicted and fined $ 10, plus $ 4 in court costs, he     [18]     Parks appealed her conviction and formally challenged the segregation laws. In an interview in 1992,    National Public Radio,     Lynn Neary, Parks recalled:
I do not want to abuse, I do not want to pay me a seat that had been denied. It was only when I stood no way to express what I was feeling about this form of treatment. I had not planned to stop. I have plenty to do without having to go to prison. But if I had to fight this decision, please do so, because I felt that we had endured that too long. The more you give, the more we find this kind of treatment was more cruel.     [17]
Park on the day of judgment - December 5, 1955 - WPC distributed the 35,000 leaflets to read the brochure.
"We are all in black and white ... to stay off the buses Monday in protest against the arrest and trial ... You can afford to stay out of school for a day., If you work, take a cab and or walk But please, children and adults, do not take the bus on Monday., please stay away from the bus on Monday ".     [27]
Rain that day, but the black community to boycott it diligently. Some rode in carpools, while others traveled in black and white taxi fares to pay for the bus, 10 cents. More than 40,000 of the black passengers walked, some as far as 20 miles (30 km).
This afternoon, after a successful one-day boycott, a group of 16-18 people gathered monte.Sion     AME      Church  of Zion to discuss boycott strategies. The group agreed that a new organization was needed to lead the boycott effort if it continues. Rev.     Ralph David Abernathy      suggested the name "     Montgomery Reform Association     "(MIA).     [28]     The name was adopted and the MIA was formed . Its members elected as their president      Martin Luther King Jr.     , a newcomer to Montgomery, a young and mostly unknown minister of    Dexter Avenue Baptist Church     .     [29]
, On Monday evening attended by 50 heads of state and government of the African-American community to take action to prevent, react Park to talk about the      Edgar Nixon    , President of the NAACP, said, "My God, look what segregation My hand! "     [30]    Actor Park suitable for testing against city and state segregation laws were mature, responsible, King stated that Mrs. Parks was a very good reputation was regarded as "not one of Montgomery best citizens, one of the best black citizens, but one of the finest citizens of Montgomery. "     [6]     safe park was married and employed, possessed a quiet and dignified influence, and was politically savvy.
     The black people of Montgomery boycott 381 days, with considerable personal Opfern.Dutzende public buses stood idle for months, severely damaging the bus transit company's finances, until the law of his city, segregation in public buses after the United States Supreme Court overturned the verdict      against Gail Broder     was contrary to the constitution.     
Parks play a vital role in raising international awareness of the plight of African Americans and Bürgerrechtsbewegung.König wrote in his 1958 book,      A Step Towards Freedom      Park to arrest a catalyst, not the cause of the protest: "The cause of injustice in the same folder Dip was fired ".     [33]     He wrote: "In fact, one can understand the action of Mrs. Parks, when he realizes that eventually the cup of patience and wisdom, and personality of the man exclaimed:" I can make it bear. "     [34]

YEARS LATER

Shipping 21Day park a bus in Montgomery in December 1956, Montgomery was legally integrated reverse público.Estacionamiento Nicholas C. Chriss, a      UPI      reporter about the event.
After her arrest, Parks became an icon of the civil rights movement, but problems afterwards.Economic sanctions against the militants, who lost his job at the store used to be. Her husband quit his job after his boss forbade him to talk about his wife or law. Parks traveled and spoke extensively on the subject.
In 1957, Raymond and Rosa Parks left Montgomery for      Hampton, Virginia     , especially since he could not find work. They present King and other civil rights leaders in Montgomery to fight. In Hampton, she found a job as a waitress in an inn at the      Hampton Institute,  a black college     .
Later that year, at the insistence of his brother and sister-in-law,      Detroit, Michigan     , Sylvester and Daisy McCauley, Rosa and Raymond Parks, and his mother moved north to join them. Parks worked as a seamstress until 1965.
This year,      John Conyers     , an African American      representative of the United States     has been hired. As secretary and clerk of his congressional office in Detroit this position until his retirement in 1988, will be held.     [6]      In a telephone interview with      CNN      اکتبر 24, 2005 Conyers recalled, "You give them With respect, as it is just a very special person - calm, serene, there was only one Rosa Parks ".     [35]
In the 1970s, a decade of loss and suffering for Parks in his personal life. Her family was plagued with disease, stomach ulcers for years and both she and her husband suffered hospitalization.Then, in the 60s, Sylvester and her brother both were diagnosed with cancer and his mother. Park once visited three hospitals in the same day. Despite her fame and constant parks conference is not a wealthy woman. He has more money to speak of the causes of civil rights and the salary of its staff and board of her husband lived. Medical bills and lost time from work due to financial problems, it is necessary to accept the help of church groups and admirers.
Her husband of throat cancer at age 19 in August 1977, his brother died, his only brother died of cancer in November. Your employees may be removed from the horrors of the civil rights movement. She learned of the death of newspapers      Technical Lou Hamer     , once a close friend.The two fractures in the autumn park on an icy sidewalk, suffering significant damage that causes pain and recurrent. She decided to move with his mother in an apartment in the elderly. Her mother Leona last stages of cancer and elderly dementia until his death in 1979 at the age of 92 years are used.
1980 Park rededicated widows without family members, civil rights and educational organizations. He was one of the founders of the   foundation L. Rosa Parks Scholarships      for university graduates,    [36],     [37]      , which has donated more than spending his speech. In February 1987, the company established with Elaine Eason Steele,      the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development     , an institute that "Freedom" bus tours running youth to important civil rights and      Underground Railroad from    sites across the country. Although her ​​health when she dropped her seventies, Park continued to numerous appearances, and much energy has been devoted to this cause.




Published in 1992, Parks      Rosa Parks: My Story     , the autobiography aimed at younger readers, says the details of their lives to protect the lives of its decision to place it on the bus. A few years later, he published his memoirs, titled     Quiet Strength    (1995), based on his faith in his life at the center. August 30, 1994, Captain Joseph entered a drug-addicted African-American, 81-year-old Parks in her home and attacked during a robbery. The incident caused outrage in the United Staaten.Nach his arrest, Skipper said that he did not know he was home park, but acknowledged the captain before answering this question. "Hey, do not you Rosa Parks" is the answer. "بله" او به او دادند $ 3 زمانی که او خواستار پول و اضافی 50 دلار وقتی که او خواستار قبل از فرار کاپیتان پارک در صورت رخ داد ..     [38]      کاپیتان دستگیر شده بود و با چند متهم فقره سرقت در برابر پارکها و Another victim of the neighborhood is loaded. He pleaded guilty and 8, August 1995, was sentenced to eight to 15 years in prison.     [39]    with anxiety to return to the small town of his Detroit home after the test, she went surfing Park Riverfront, apartment building In a building safely, where he spent the rest of his life.
In 1994, he was the      Ku Klux macro      , the promoter portion of      United States      Interstate 55      in      Saint Louis city      , and the      city of Jefferson     , near    St. Louis, Missouri    for clean up (told by the management of the highway leading to registration) Because the government can support the KKK Missouri lawmakers approved the name of the highway from the Highway "Rosa Parks" does not reject. When asked about how he was proud that he could feel the comment. "It's always good to think"    [40]     [41]
1999 Parks filmed a cameo appearance in the television series      touched by an angel     . This was his last appearance in the film, health problems made ​​invalid.


In 2002, the park eviction notice from her $ 1800 per month apartment due to non-payment of rent received. Park was able to manage your finances at the time, according to age, physical and mental Verfall.Ihre to rent set by Hartford Memorial Baptist Church in Detroit was not paid.When your income is imminent expulsion of the offender is released in 2004, executives announced that the companies have given real estate rent so that the rear parking lot, and in the health of poor ninety-one life free rental Construction of the rest of their lives.     [42]      his heirs and various interest groups when he had charge of their financial mismanagement.

IN POPULAR CULTURE






  • Cassette breakout      song "     Rosa Parks     ", the most successful radio single of their 1998 album      Aquemini     . His name was used without permission, in March 1999, a lawsuit (     Rosa Parks v. Laface     .), one of the park against American hip-hop duo and their record company had filed     [43]      scheme lawsuit was settled April 15, 2005, breakout cassettes and preparing your house park cash settlement discs unknown. They also agreed to work with the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute to work to create educational programs about the life of Rosa Parks. Record and Tape Breakout admitted fault. Responsibility for payment of attorney fees was not disclosed.   [44]
  • Video      Barber      (2002) suggests a barber, played by      Cedric fun     , active integration of other arguments before the other buses parked in African Americans, but it has the reputation Secretary NAACP. Activists     Jesse Jackson      and      Al Sharpton     launched a boycott against the film, saying it "disrespectful", but NAACP  Kweisi Mfume,  the president stated he thought the controversy "exaggerated" respectively.     [45]      was parking offenses and sanctions in 2003 NAACP      Image Awards     ceremony, which Cedric host.     [46]
  • Neville Brothers      Park in a song called "Sister Rosa" on the 1989 album      Yellow Moon     . The music video for the song has also been made.
  • Song      of the dawn      of the      Stone Roses     Album '1994er      second coming      recognizes the Park      "Sister Rosa Lee parks / Love forever her name in your heart"     .

DEATH AND FUNERAL

Parks resided in      Detroit      until she died of natural causes at the age of 92 until October 24, 2005 in his apartment on the East side of town.She and her husband never had children and outlived only brother. His sister-in-law, 13 nieces and nephews and their families, and several cousins, most residents of Michigan or Alabama was in mourning.
City officials in Montgomery and Detroit announced on October 27, 2005 that the front seats of the bus with black ribbons in honor of Parks until her funeral will be reserved. Parks' coffin was moved to Montgomery and taken in a horse-drawn hearse to the St. Paul      African Methodist Episcopal      (AME) church, where she      rested     in the sanctuary, October 29, 2005 wearing a church deaconess. They had a funeral the next day. One of the speakers,      Condoleezza Rice  , Secretary of State     ,     said that if you park it, you probably have never become the Secretary of State. In the evening the casket was transported      to Washington, DC      and transported by bus to protest like that     in honor     of      the Capitol rotunda     .
Since the establishment in 1852 of the practice of lying in state in the rotunda of Park 31, the first American who is not an agent of the United States Government, and the owner (after the French urbanist      Pierre L'Enfant to    honor werden.Sie ) and in this way the first woman and the second black person in the state in Congress.     [47]     [48]      It is estimated that 50,000 people saw the casket there, and the event broadcast on October 31, 2005 issue. Funeral services were held in the afternoon of      the Metropolitan AME Church      in Washington, DC.     [49]
With her ​​body, and for two days the coffin was placed in the park to Detroit      's Museum of African American History Charles H. Wright    . His funeral was seven hours of November 2, 2005 at Grace Temple Church in Detroit. After the service, an honor guard from the Michigan     National Guard and      United States flag over the casket and put it into a horse-drawn hearse, the going up was carried out in daylight, in the cemetery. As the hearse passed the thousands of people in the procession, many of the floor and cheered loudly and released white balloons.Park in Detroit between the husband and his mother was buried in     Woodlawn Cemetery      in the mausoleum chapel. Sistine Chapel L. Freedom Rosa Parks was renamed in his honor.     [50]     Park had pre-selected location with the inscription on the tombstone placed "Rosa Parks L., wife, 1913 -."
Park died when his glory, if      ESPN      's death, said: "The Bottom Line" ticker screen, with all networks. In general, there is information only on the sports field.

LEGACY AND AWARDS


Rosa Parks     Congressional Gold Medal
Parks of America by President      Bill Clinton
Rosa Parks Transit Center, Detroit

Barack Obama      Obama was arrested in autobús.Parks sitting sitting in the same line, but on the opposite side.
Rosa Parks Statue Sculpture Hall of the Congress of America, Washington, DC
  • 1976      Detroit      street renamed 12th "Rosa Parks Boulevard".     [51]
  • 1979 won the  Spingarn Medal  Park NAACP,     [52]      the highest honor     . [53]
  • In 1980, Martin Luther King Jr., he received the award.     [54]
  • In 1983, he was inducted into      the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame      for his achievements in      civil rights     .     [55]
  • 1990
  • In 1992, he received the Peace Abbey is worth Conscience Award Benjamin Spock and others at the Kennedy Library and Museum in Boston, Massachusetts.
  • In 1995, he received the      Academy Award for Achievement Golden Plate      in Williamsburg, Virginia.
  • 1996 was awarded      the Presidential Medal of Freedom     , America's highest honor given to the executive.
  • In 1998, the first International Freedom Conductor Award given to Receive      National Underground Railroad Freedom Center     .
  • 1999
  • 2000
    • According to his native Alabama Academy of Honor,     [59]
    • Received the first Governor's Medal of Honor from his extraordinary courage.    [60]
    • His twenty honorary doctorates from universities around the world
    • He was an honorary member of      Kappa Alpha      Sorority  Alpha  .
    • Rosa Parks Library and Museum      on the campus of      Troy University      in Montgomery was dedicated to her.
  • 2002
  • 2003 2857 riding a bus terminals restored and placed on display at the     Henry Ford     [62]
  • In 2004,      Los Angeles         System,  Metro rail  , bus / train national Wilmington, where the      Blue Line      connects with      the Green Line     , officially named the   "Rosa Parks Station"     .     [63]     [64]
  • 2005
    • On October 30, 2005, President      George W. Bush      's order that all United States flags in public areas both within the country and abroad are stationed  at half mast     on the day of Parks's funeral.
    • Metro Transit      in      King city, Washington,      posters and stickers devoted to the first seat of the bus fleet, low memory "shortly after his death,    [65]     [66]
    • Association of Public Transport America December 1, 2005, the 50th anniversary of the arrest as a "National Transit Tribute to Rosa Parks Day" declared.    [67]
    • On this anniversary, President George W. Bush signed      Pub.L. 109-116     , directing that a statue of Parks be placed in the United States Capitol     's National Sculpture Hall    . The resolution was signed by the management of the Joint Committee on the Library, the President said:
      For his statue in the heart of the nation's capital to celebrate the perfect union of his work, and we are committed to continuing the fight for justice for all Americans.     [68]
    • Part of      Interstate 96      in      Detroit, Michigan,      by the state assembly as Rosa Parks Memorial Highway renamed in December 2005.     [69]
  • 2006
  • 2007      Nashville, Tennessee     , Metro Center Boulevard (8TH Avenue North) (renamed   41A United States     and      TN 12     ) in September 2007 as Rosa L. Boulevard Park.     [71]
  • 2009 July 14, 2009,      Rosa Parks Transit Center      in Detroit at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Cass opened.     [72]
  • 2010      Grand Rapids, Michigan, to     name a place in the heart of      Rosa Parks Circle     .
  • 2012 Barack Obama President of the United States known as the Rosa Parks Bus at Henry Ford Museum for the event in Dearborn, Mich., April 18, 2012 visit.
  • 2012 Street in      West Valley City     ,      Utah,     "the second-largest city in Utah Cultural Celebration Center was renamed Rosa Parks Drive.     [73]
  • 2013
    • February 1, the President of      America, Barack Obama,      February 4, 2013, declared that "the 100 birth anniversary of Rosa Parks' name," all Americans to obtain appropriate services and community education program to honor the legacy of Rosa Park that day ".      [74]
    • February 4th, Rosa Parks '100. To celebrate the anniversary,      the Henry Ford Museum    "National Day of Encouragement," he said with a virtual 12-hour on-site activities with nationally known speakers, musical and dramatic interpretation panels provide a     history of the rose      and read a story of      quiet strength     . The actual bus that Rosa Parks was sitting available. For the general public on board and sit in the seat that Rosa Parks refused to give up     . [75]
    • February 4, 2000 People of the United States has requested 200 new graph into a 100th birthday celebration gathering      Davis Theatre for the Performing Arts      in Montgomery, Alabama. In this study,      100 of the birthday wishes Project   Management     Rosa Parks Museum      at      Troy University      and      a mobile studio     and a stated fact by the Senate.     [75]
    • In both cases,      USPS      stamp in his honor.     [76]
    • February 27 The first African American woman in the park for your photo to appear in the      National Hall of Sculpture     . The building is part of Capitol art collection seems to be no other women in the     National Hall of Sculpture     .    [77]

SEE ALSO

Icon PortalAfrican American Community
Icon PortalBiographical data



REFERENCES

  1. ^      Pub.l., 106-26     , accessed 13 November 2011. Tickets can be found by clicking on the text or view the PDF observed.
  2. ^      .  Claudette Colvin  Gonzalez, Juan, GOODMAN, Amy (Friday, March 29, 2013),     "Rosa Parks: 73 Now, for the first time, to refuse to seat the bus in Montgomery     .      " Democracy  PACIFICA Radio     NPR 25     views April 18, 2013    .
  3. ^      . Taylor Branch (1988),      "Parting Water King" America    . Simon and Schuster     . February 5, 2013     .
  4. ^      Douglas Brinkley,      Rosa Parks     , Chapter 1 of the book, Lipper / Viking (2000), published in extracts      ISBN 0-670-89160-6    .     extracts seasons     on the website      of New York Times     . Retrieved on July 1, 2008.
  5. ^      James Webb,      "Why you need to know the Scots-Irish"    ,     Parade     , Oct. 3, 2004. July 1, 2008.
  6. ^      b     c     d        Shipp, ER      (25.10.2005).      "Rosa Parks, 92, Founding Symbol of Civil Rights Movement, Dies"     . The New York Times. Page. Two     . Retrieved on 2010-01-01     .
  7. ^      Shraff, The (2005):      Rosa Parks: Tired of Giving   by Enslow. PP 23-27      ISBN      978-0-7660-2463-2     .
  8. ^      "The Story Behind the Bus"     .      Rosa Parks Bus     .      , Henry Ford     . Retrieved on 2008-07-01     .
  9. ^      Congress, Volume 141, Number 176 (Wednesday, November 8, 1995)      , citing Walt Harrington, "someone who wanted to be free," Journal,  Washington Post  , August 10, 1995
  10. ^      Feeney, Mark (25 October 2005).      "Rosa Parks, civil rights icon, dead at 92"     .      Boston Globe     . Retrieved on 2009-07-31     .
  11. ^      . McGuire, Daniel      Opinion: It's time to release the Rosa Parks Bus "     . Retrieved on 12/22/2012     .
  12. ^      "How," "South of racial equality lead to communism"     .
  13. ^      "Justice Emmett 1955 terror"     ,     United States Department of Justice     , May 2004, accessed May 27, 2007. R.Alexander Acosta, Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division, said. "This brutal murder and grotesque miscarriage of justice outraged a nation and helped galvanize support for the modern civil rights movement."
  14. ^      David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito,      Black Maverick: TRM Howard Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Performance     (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009), pp. 138-39.
  15. ^      Woo, Elaine (25/10/2005).      "There are wheels of justice in motion,"  the Los Angeles Times     . July 22, 2011     .
  16. ^      Williams, Danny, Wayne Greenhaw (2005).      Thunder of Angels: The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the people who broke the back of Jim Crow     . Chicago Press.p.48     ISBN     1-55652-590-7     .
  17. ^      b      "Parks Recalls Bus Boycott, Excerpts from the interview with Lynn Neary,"      National Public Radio   in 1992, required      "civil rights icon Rosa Parks dies"     NPR, 25 Persian date Mehr 2005. Retrieved on July 4, 2008.
  18. ^      B.     c.       "Civil rights icon Rosa Parks dies at 92"     ,     CNN   , October 25, 2005. Retrieved on July 4, 2008.
  19. ^      b      Park Audio interview about     "civil rights icon Rosa Parks dies"     ,      National Public Radio     25 2005.Abgerufen October 4 July 2008.
  20. ^      Williams, John      (2002).      Eyes on the Prize: Civil Rights in the United States, 1954-1965     . Penguin Books. Page. 66    ISBN     0-14-009653-1     .
  21. ^      Marsh, Charles (2006).      Boards: What forms of faith, social justice, civil rights movement today     . Basic Books. Pp. 21,      ISBN     0-465-04416-6     .
  22. ^      Parks, Rosa, James Haskins (1992).      Rosa Parks: My Story    . Dial Books, p. 116      ISBN      0-8037-0673-1     .
  23. ^      Rosa Parks interview      (video and text),   Academy of Achievement     , June 2, 13, 2011 1995Noviembre.
  24. ^      Wright, by Roberta Hughes (1991).      birthday Montgomery bus boycott    . Charro button. Page. 27      ISBN     0-9629468-0-X     .
  25. ^      . Hawken, Paul (2007)      Blessed Unrest: How the Largest Movement emerged in the world and why no one saw it coming    . Viking. Page. 79      ISBN      0-670-03852-0     .
  26. ^      Burns, Stewart (1997).      dawn of freedom: the Montgomery bus boycott     . UNC Press. Page. 9      ISBN      0-8078-4661-9     .
  27. ^      b      Rita Dove     ,      "Heroes and Icons: Rosa Parks: Her simple act of protest galvanized the civil rights movement in the United States"     ,      Time     , June 14, 1999 Retrieved on July 4, 2008.
  28. ^      Washington, James M. (1991.)      Testament of Hope: The Essential speech by Martin Luther King Jr. 's    HarperCollins.Page. 432      ISBN      0-06-064691-8     .
  29. ^      Shipp, ER      (25 October 2005).      "Rosa Parks, 92, Founding Symbol of Civil Rights Movement, Dies"   .      York Times     . Page. 1    . Retrieved on July 4, 2008    .
  30. ^      Parks, Rosa, James Haskins (1992).      Rosa Parks: My Story    . Dial Books, p. 125,      ISBN      0-8037-0673-1     .
  31. ^      "1961 Freedom Tower"     .      Consortium NC Civic Education    . University of North Carolina     . February 5, 2013    .
  32. ^      "Gail Broder against the United States 903, 352 (1956)    .      "  King Institute Encyclopedia     . Stanford.edu     .Retrieved on February 5, 2013     .
  33. ^      Washington, James M. (1991.)      Testament of Hope: The Essential speech by Martin Luther King Jr. 's    HarperCollins.Page. 437      ISBN      0-06-064691-8     .
  34. ^      Washington, James M. (1991.)      Testament of Hope: The Essential speech by Martin Luther King Jr. 's    HarperCollins.Page. 424      ISBN      0-06-064691-8     .
  35. ^      "Parks for her courage, modesty is well known"     .CNN.2005-10-30    . Retrieved on 2008-07-01     .
  36. ^      "Editorial: The Legacy of Rosa Parks: power without violence"    ,    Madison Daily Leader    , October 1, 2005.November 13, 2011.
  37. ^      Foundation La Rosa L. Academic Scholarships Park     , Nov. 13, 2011. (No paper's founder Park Foundation funds).
  38. ^      Associated Press     , "Rosa Parks Raider"  Detroit Free Press     , September 3, 1994 is recognized. History     available online      in the form of      an eagle, reading     , 2Versión online September 13, 1994 in November 2011.
  39. ^      "Man gets prison for attack on Rosa Parks",    San Francisco Chronicle    , August 8, 1995.
  40. ^      Happy Birthday, Rosa Parks!      Ilena Rosenthal, Women's News, February 4, 2003 (accessed on February 2, 2009).
  41. ^     Le jeu de nom    , Snopes.com, Mise à jour Derniere 3 Decembre 2007. Consulté le 13 deNoviembre 2001.
  42. ^      Associated Press,      Rosa Parks did not ask the owners to pay the rent     ,     MSNBC     , 6 2004.abgerufen December 13 November 2011.
  43. ^      . Wallinger, Hannah (2006)      Transitions: Race, Culture, and the dynamics of change     . LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg Münster.p. 126,      ISBN      3-8258-9531-9    .
  44. ^      jet     , Volume 107, Number 18, 2, 2005
  45. ^      Associated Press,      "Actor" barbershop "Home Image Awards"     ,      Los Angeles Times     , January 25, 13 2003.Abgerufen November 2011.
  46. ^      "Rosa Parks NAACP boycott, price"  Recordnet.com    Associated Press. March 9, 2003     . November 22, 2011     .
  47. ^      "Those who are in government"     . Architect-Capitole.2009 from 12 to 01     . Retrieved on 2009-12-01     .
  48. ^      funeral or memorial ceremony in the Capitol rotunda    , senate.gov (United States Senate), Architect of the Capitol material نوامبر cité.Consulté 23, 2011.
  49. ^      Wilgoren, Dubai and Theola S. Labbe (1 November 2005).   "rich tribute to symbolize the"  Washington Post    . Retrieved on December 10, 2012     .
  50. ^     Santiago Esparza, "parc la mort dans Prive Demeure"   Nouvelles de Detroit    , le 3 Novembre 2 005.     Disponible en ligne     à l '     Internet Archive    , Deposee le 14 Juin de 2008.consultado le 5 Juillet two thousand and eight.
  51. ^      "Rosa L. Parks series. Papers, 1955-1976"     . Walter P.Library Reuther. Page. 1     . November 22, 2011    .
  52. ^      Springarn Awards: 1915 to the Present Day     , NAACP, no date, but the list goes on and on until 2010. November 13, 2011.
  53. ^      NAACP Spingarn Medal Award Congressman Conyers 92    , NAACP Press, April 3 9 2007.Abgerufen, July, 2008.
  54. ^      "Black History Month"     . gale.cengage.com     February 5, 2013. Is available     .
  55. ^      "Michigan Women's Hall of Fame"     .Hall.michiganwomen.org     . Retrieved on 8/13/2012     .
  56. ^      Ruth Ashby,      Rosa Parks: Freedom Rider      Sterling Publishing     ISBN 978-1-4027-4865-3
  57. ^      "Section 1-475 Park called"     .     Tuscaloosa News    .1990/05/09    June 20, 2012    .
  58. ^      "1999 state of the union" is     . Retrieved on February 5, 2013     .
  59. ^      "Alabama makes Rosa Parks Academy proud,"  Chicago Tribune,    Retrieved December 17, 2011     .
  60. ^      Rosa Parks Museum in Montgomery civil rights movement during the anniversary celebrations in the past     .      jet    .December 18, 2000. Page. August     . Been accessed 17 Dediciembre the 2011th     .
  61. ^      Asante, Molefi Kete (2 002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York.Prometheus books.     ISBN 1-57392-963-8     .
  62. ^      "park the bus reconstruction"  bus park has been restored     . June 20, 2012     .
  63. ^      "MAX station renamed in honor of Rosa Parks"     . TriMet.(4 February 2009)     . Retrieved on 2009-11-27     .
  64. ^      "Trimet MAX name honors Rosa Parks Station"  Portland Tribune     . (February 3, 2009)     . Retrieved on 2009-02-10    .
  65. ^      "honor Rosa Parks Metro Bus Fleet     [     dead link     ]     "    King, city subway line     5 July 2008.   [     ad     ]
  66. ^      Local summarized in      the article "a monument to Rosa Parks bus,"    Seattle Times    , November 1 2005.Consultado on November 13, 2011.
  67. ^      "National Tribute to Rosa Parks Day Shipping"    Forum Público.20.070.927.220.506. Transport America. Archived from the      original      on September 27, 2007,     November 13, 2011    .
  68. ^      "President Signs HR 4145 to Place Statue of Rosa Parks in the United States Capitol"     . 2005-12-01    Retrieved on December 4, 2005    .
  69. ^      Law of Michigan      (2001).      "Law Michigan Memorial Highway (Excerpt) Act 142 of 2001 250.1098 Rosa Parks Memorial Highway"     . Michigan     August 18, 2006    .
  70. ^      "Rosa Parks"     . Birdsofwinter.com     . Retrieved on February 5, 2013     .
  71. ^      "Tennessee Professional Center at Metro Center"     .Ministry of Labour and Social Development of the labor force    .Retrieved on December 17, 2011     .
  72. ^      Bill Shea (9 July 2009).      "Rosa Parks Transit Center in Detroit opens Tuesday"     . Crane Crain's Detroit Business     .Retrieved April 18, 2010     .
  73. ^      Cimaron Neugebauer on (November 15 2012).      "in West Valley City street renamed after Rosa Parks,"  Salt Lake Tribune    .
  74. ^      "Presidential Proclamation - 100th birth anniversary of Rosa Parks'     . Retrieved on February 5, 2013     .
  75. ^      b      "All the 100 anniversary of Rosa Parks'   .    112Th Congress Congressional Record (2011-2012)     . Library of Congress. December 19, 2012     . Retrieved on February 5, 2013     .
  76. ^      "100th anniversary of the civil rights icon Rosa Parks at the end of September showed the"     . CBS News     . Retrieved on February 5, 2013     .
  77. ^      "Rosa Parks: The first African American woman statue in the Capitol Grace"     ABC News     taken Feb. 27, 2013.    .

FOR MORE INFORMATION

Resource Library
About Rosa Parks
  • Writing. In 1974.  , two decades later. "      New York Times      (May 17): 38 ("Within a year    of Brown    ,      Rosa Parks, a tired seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama, was, like      Homer Plessy      60, was arrested for refusing to go to the back of the bus. ")
  • Barnes,  traveled  Catherine A.      Jim Crow: the desegregation of Southern Transport,     Columbia University Press, 1983.
  • Rosa Parks with      James Haskins,     ,      Rosa Parks: My Story      New York. Scholastic Inc., in 1,992th,      ISBN 0-590-46538-4
  • Douglas Brinkley,      Rosa Parks: A Life     , Penguin Books, 25   October 2005      , ISBN 0-14-303600-9

EXTERNAL LINKS

Learn more about      Rosa Parks      in the Wikipedia    project "Sister
Definitions and translations      from Wiktionary
Means      common
Learning resources      from Wikiversity
Quoted from      Wikipedia
Source texts      from Wikisource
Manuals      Wikipedia, the free library.
Multimedia and interviews
Other

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Honorary
Before     Ronald Reagan
People      in state or honor in
the      United States Capitol rotunda
30 October 2005 - 31 October 2005		Instead     of Gerald Ford
Standard data

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