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Angela Merkel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Merkel" redirects here. For other uses, see   Chancellor (disambiguation)  .
Angela Merkel
Chancellor o
f Germany
Holder
Assumed office
22 November 2005
PresidentHorst Köhler  
Christian Wulff  
Gauck
AssistantMüntefering  
Frank-Walter Steinmeier  
, Guido Westerwelle,  
Philipp Rösler
Preceded byGerhard Schröder
Minister of the Environment
In office
November 17, 1994 to October 26, 1998
ChancellorHelmut Kohl
Preceded byKlaus Töpfer
SuccessorJürgen Trittin
Minister for Women and Youth
In office
January 18, 1991 to November 17, 1994
ChancellorHelmut Kohl
Preceded byUrsula Lehr
SuccessorClaudia Nolte
Member of the Bundestag
for   Nordvorpommern Stralsund-Rügen
Holder
Took office
December 2, 1990
Preceded byDistrict created
Personal Data
BornAngela Dorothea Kasner
July 17, 1954   (59 years)  
Hamburg  ,   West Germany
PartyChristian Democratic Union
Spouse (s)Joachim Sauer   (1998-present)  Ulrich Merkel   (1977-1982)
Alma materUniversity of Leipzig
ReligionLutheranism
Signature
Angela Dorothea Merkel   (  pronounced   [a ː aŋɡe doʁote mɛʁkl̩ ː a]   (  listen  )  ,  [1]  born Kasner  , born 17 July 1954) is a   German   politician   who was the   Chancellor of Germany   since 2005 and the leader of the   Christian Democratic Union   (CDU) since 2000. She is the first woman to hold either office.  [2]
Having initially trained as a   chemist  , Merkel entered politics in the wake of the revolutions of 1989  , briefly served as deputy spokesman of  the East German government . After   reunification   in 1990, she was elected to the  Bundestag   for  Nordvorpommern Stralsund-Rügen   in the state of   Mecklenburg-Vorpommern  , a position she has held since. She was then appointed   Federal Minister for Women and Youth  in 1991 under  Chancellor   Helmut Kohl  , be promoted to become   Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety   in 1994. After the   CDU / CSU  coalition was defeated in 1998, she was elected general secretary of the CDU, before being elected the first ever female party leader in 2000.
Following the   federal election in 2005  , she was appointed the first Chancellor of Germany at the head of a   grand coalition   consisting of his own CDU, its Bavarian sister party, the   Christian Social Union   (CSU) and the   Party German Social Democrat   (SPD).In the   2009 federal election  , the CDU obtained the largest share of the vote, and Merkel has managed to form a coalition government with the support of the CSU and the   Free Democratic Party   (FDP).  [3]
In 2007, Merkel was   President of the European Council   and chaired the   G8  , the second woman (after   Margaret Thatcher  ) to do so. She played a central role in negotiating the   Treaty of Lisbon   and the   Berlin Declaration  . One of its priorities is to strengthen transatlantic economic relations by signing the agreement for the  Transatlantic Economic Council   April 30, 2007. Merkel is considered to play a crucial role in managing the   financial crisis   at European and international level, and has been called "the decider".  [4]  In domestic policy,   the health care reform   and problems concerning future  development of energy  were major issues its mandate.
Angela Merkel has been described as "the   de facto   leader of the   European Union  "and is currently   ranked   as the second most powerful person in the world by  Forbes  magazine, the highest ranking ever achieved by a woman.  [5]  [6]

EARLY LIFE

Merkel was born   Angela Dorothea Kasner   in   Hamburg  ,   West Germany  , the daughter of Horst Kasner   (1926-2011),  [7]  [8]   A native of Berlin, and his wife Herlind, born in 1928 in  Danzig   (now   Gdansk  , Poland) Herlind Jentzsch, professor of   English  and  Latin  . Her mother was once a member of the   Social Democratic Party of Germany .  [9]  paternal grandfather Ludwig Polish Kazmierczak Merkel was born in 1896 in   Posen (now Poznan, Poland), at the time of the   German Empire  . Kazmierczak, a police officer, moved to Berlin after World War II and changed its name to Kasner in 1930. Merkel still has distant relatives in Poland.  [10]  [11]  She has a brother, Marcus (born 7 July 1957) and a sister, Irene (born 19 August 1964).
Merkel's father studied   theology   in   Heidelberg   and, afterwards, in Hamburg. In 1954, his father was a pastor at the church Quitzow   (near  Perleberg   in   Brandenburg  ), which was then   East Germany  , and the family moved to   Templin  . Thus Merkel grew up in the countryside 80 km (50 mi) north of   Berlin  .   Gerd Langguth  , a former senior member of the Christian Democratic Union Angela Merkel in his book  [12]   that the ability of the family to travel freely from East to West Germany during the following years, as well as their possession of two automobiles, leads to the conclusion that Merkel's father had a "sympathetic" relationship with the communist regime, since such freedom and perquisites for a Christian pastor and his family would have been otherwise impossible in East Germany.
Like most pupils, Merkel was a member of, leader   socialist  movement led by young   Free German Youth (FDJ)  . However, it did not take part in the   secular   adulthood   ceremony   Jugendweihe  , which was common in East Germany, and was   confirmed   instead. Later, at the Academy of Sciences, she became a member of the FDJ district board and secretary for "  Agitprop  "(agitation and propaganda). Merkel said she was secretary for culture. When the President of the FDJ district meet Merkel it contradicts, she insisted that: "According to my memory, I was secretary for culture, but what I know, I think I do not know what that is when I'm 80.? ".  [13]   Merkel's progress in the compulsory Marxism-Leninism was ranked only   genügend   (sufficient, passing grade) in 1983 and 1986.  [14]
At school, she learned to speak   Russian   fluently, and has received awards for its ability in Russian and mathematics.  [15]   Merkel was educated in Templin and at the   University of Leipzig  , where she studied   the physics   from 1973 to 1978. During her studies, she participated in the reconstruction of the ruin of the   Moritzbastei  , a project students initiated to create their own club and recreation center on campus. Such an initiative was unprecedented in the   GDR   of that period, and initially resisted the   University of Leipzig  . However, with the support of the local leadership of the   SED   . part, it has been the continuation of the project  [16]   Merkel worked and studied at the Central Institute of  Physical Chemistry   of the  Academy of Sciences   in   Berlin-Adlershof   1978 - 1990. After obtaining a  doctorate   (  Dr. rer. nat.  ) for her thesis on   quantum chemistry ,  [17]   she worked as a researcher and published several papers.
In 1989, Merkel is committed to the growth   democracy   movement after the   fall of the Berlin Wall  , joining the new party   Democratic Awakening  . After the   first (and only) multi-party election   of the East German state, she became the deputy spokesperson of the new pre- unification   caretaker government under   Lothar de Maiziere  .  [18]

MEMBER AND MINISTER BUNDESTAG

At the   first post-reunification general election   in December 1990, she was elected to the Bundestag from the   constituency   Stralsund - Nordvorpommern - Rügen  , which is coextensive with the   district   of   Vorpommern-Rügen  . This has remained her electoral district until today. Her party merged with the west German CDU  [19]   and she became Minister for Women and Youth in   Helmut Kohl's 3rd cabinet. In 1994, she was   Minister for the Environment and Nuclear Safety  , which gave her greater political visibility and a platform on which to build his political career. As one of Protected Kohl and his youngest cabinet minister, she was referred to by Kohl as "  Mein Mädchen  "(" my girl ").  [20]

LEADER OF THE OPPOSITION


Merkel as deputy spokesman of the government with   Lothar de Maiziere  , August 1990
When the Kohl government was   defeated in the 1998 general election  , Merkel was named Secretary General of the CDU. In this position, Merkel oversaw a series of Christian Democrat election victories in six out of seven state elections in 1999 alone, breaking the SPD-Green maintain coalition   Bundesrat  , the legislative body representing the   states  . Following   a scandal of funding of political parties  , which compromised many leading figures of the CDU (notably Kohl himself, who refused to reveal the donor of DM 2,000,000 claiming he had given his word of honor and the then party chairman   Wolfgang Schäuble  , Kohl's hand-picked the successor, who was not cooperative either), Merkel criticized her former mentor, Kohl, and advocated a fresh start for the party without him. She was elected to replace Schäuble, becoming the first woman president of his party, April 10, 2000. Her election surprised many observers, as her personality offered a contrast to the party she had been chosen to lead; Merkel is a   Protestant , from predominantly Protestant northern Germany, while the CDU is a male-dominated men  socially conservative   party with strongholds in western and southern Germany, and the Bavarian sister party, the CSU, has deep   Catholic   roots.
Following Merkel's election as CDU leader, she enjoyed considerable popularity among the German population and was favored by many Germans to become Chancellor   Gerhard Schröder  's challenger "in the   2002 election  . However, it did not receive enough support in her own party and particularly its sister party (the   Bavarian   Christian Social Union  , or CSU), and was then thwarted by the political leader of the CSU   Edmund Stoiber  , to whom she eventually ceded the privilege of challenging Schröder; however, he squandered a large lead in the polls to lose the election by a very slim margin. After Stoiber's defeat in 2002, in addition to his role as president of the CDU, Angela Merkel became leader of the conservative opposition in the lower house of the German parliament, the   Bundestag  . His rival,   Friedrich Merz  , who had held the post of parliamentary leader prior to the 2002 elections, was ousted to make way for Merkel.  [  citation needed  ]
Merkel supported a substantial   reform   agenda concerning   Germany's  economic and social system of the and was considered to be more pro-  market   of his own party (the CDU), has called for changes in labor law German, including removing barriers to laying off employees and increasing the allowed number of hours worked in a week, arguing that existing laws made ​​the country less competitive because companies can not easily control labor costs at times when business is slow.  [21]
Merkel argued for Germany   nuclear   eliminate slower than the Schröder administration had planned.  [22]
Merkel advocated a strong transatlantic partnership and German-American friendship. In the spring of 2003, defying strong public opposition, Merkel has ruled in favor of the   U.S. invasion of Iraq  , describing it as "unavoidable" and accusing Chancellor   Gerhard Schröder   of   anti-Americanism  . She criticized the government's support for the   accession of Turkey to the European Union   and in favor of a "  privileged partnership  "instead. In doing so, she reflected public opinion that grew more hostile toward Turkish membership in the European Union.  [23]

Path to election

On 30 May 2005, Merkel won the nomination CDU / CSU as challenger to Chancellor   Gerhard Schröder   of the   SPD   in the  2005 national elections  . Her party began the campaign with a 21 point lead over the   SPD   in national   opinion polls  , although her ​​personal popularity lagged behind that of the   incumbent  . However, the CDU / CSU campaign suffered [  citation needed  ]   when Merkel, having made ​​economic competence in the heart of the platform of the CDU, confused   gross   and   net income   twice during a televised debate. She regained some momentum after she announced that she would appoint   Paul Kirchhof  , a former judge at the German Constitutional Court and leading expert on fiscal policy, as Minister of Finance. [  citation needed  ]
Merkel and the CDU lost ground after Kirchhof proposed the introduction of a   flat tax   in Germany, again undermining the party's broad appeal on economic issues and convincing many voters that the platform of the deregulation of the CDU was designed to benefit only the rich. This was compounded by Merkel proposing to increase   VAT   to reduce Germany's deficit and fill the gap in revenue from a flat tax. The SPD were able to increase their support simply by pledging not to introduce flat taxes or increase VAT. Although the position of Merkel recovered after she distanced herself from Kirchhof's proposals with, she remained considerably less popular than Schröder, and the leader of the CDU was down 9% on the eve of the election.
On September 18, 2005, the CDU / CSU Angela Merkel and Schröder's SPD have head-to-head in the national elections, with the CDU / CSU winning 35.3% (CDU 27.8% / CSU 7 5%) of the second votes to the SPD 34.2%. Neither the SPD-Green coalition nor the CDU / CSU and its preferred coalition partners, the   Liberal Democratic Party  , held enough seats to form a majority in the Bundestag, and both Schröder and Merkel claimed victory. A   grand coalition   between the CDU / CSU and SPD faced the challenge that both parties have asked the Chancery.However, after three weeks of   negotiations  , the two parties reached an agreement whereby Merkel would become Chancellor and the SPD would hold 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet.  [24]   The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences November 14, 2005.  [25]  Merkel was elected Chancellor by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag November 22, 2005, but 51 members of the governing coalition voted against her.  [26]
Reports have indicated that the grand coalition would pursue a mix of policies, some of which differ from policy platform Merkel as leader of the opposition and candidate for Chancellor. The intention of the coalition was to reduce government spending while increasing   VAT   (from 16 to 19%),   social insurance   contributions and the top rate   of income tax  .  [27]
Merkel had stated that the main objective of his government would be to reduce unemployment, and that it is this issue on which her ​​government will be judged.  [28]

CHANCELLOR OF GERMANY

Wikisource   has original text related to this article:
On November 22, 2005 Merkel assumed the office of Chancellor of Germany following astalemate election   that resulted in a   grand coalition   with the   SPD  . She was   re-elected in 2009   with a larger majority and was able to form a coalition government with the   FDP .

Foreign policy


President   Barack Obama   and  Michelle Obama   in 2009 went to visit  German Chancellor   Angela Merkel and her husband, Dr.   Joachim Sauer  , to Rathaus in  Baden-Baden  , Germany.

Angela Merkel with   President of Brazil Dilma Rousseff   at   the G-20   meeting in 2012, in Mexico.
On September 25, 2007 Merkel met the   14th Dalai Lama   for "  private and informal talks  "in Berlin in the   Chancellery   amid protest from  China  . China after canceling separate talks with German officials, including talks with the Minister of Justice  Zypries  . [29]
One of its priorities is to strengthen transatlantic economic relations by signing the White House agreement Transatlantic Economic Council April 30, 2007. The Council is co-chaired by EU and U.S. officials, and seeks to remove barriers to trade in a different area of integrated transatlantic free trade.[30]   This project has been described as ultra-liberal politician of the French left   Mélenchon  , fearing a transfer of sovereignty to multinational citizens and alignment of the European Union's foreign policy and American institutions.  [31]  [32]
Der Spiegel   reported that tensions between Chancellor Merkel and U.S. President Barack Obama  [33]   were eased during a meeting between the two leaders in June 2009. Commenting on the press conference in the White House, which was held after the meeting,   Spiegel   stated, "Of course, little more reserved chancellor could not really cope with [Obama's] ...  charm offensive  , "but to reciprocate for "good mood" Obama diplomacy, "she gave it a shot ... by mentioning the experiences of Obama's sister in Heidelberg, stating that she had read his autobiography". [ 34]

Merkel and   Vladimir Putin  , then  prime minister of Russia  , holding a joint press conference, March 8, 2008.
In 2006 Merkel expressed concern for   the excessive dependence on Russian energy  , but she received little support from others in   Berlin  .  [35]
Merkel is in favor of the   Association Agreement   between   Ukraine   and the   European Union  , but said in December 2012 that its implementation depends on reforms in Ukraine.  [36]

Israel

Merkel visited   Israel   four times. On March 16, 2008 Merkel arrived in Israel to mark the 60th  anniversary of the Jewish state  . She was greeted at the airport by Prime Minister  Ehud Olmert  , an honor guard and many political and religious leaders of the country, including most of the Israeli Cabinet.  [37]   Until then, U.S. President   George W . Bush  had been the only world leader Olmert had granted the honor of greeting at the airport. [38]  [39]   Merkel spoke before   Israel's parliament  , the only foreigner who was not a head of state to have done,  [40]   although this has caused rumblings of opposition from Israeli MPs on the far right.  [41]   At the time, Merkel was also both the President of the Council European   and the president of the   G8  . Merkel has supported Israeli diplomatic initiatives, opposing the Palestinian bid for UN membership. However, Merkel was offended when settlement building continued beyond the Green Line,  [42]   and felt personally betrayed by the behavior of the Israeli government.  [43]

Liquidity crisis

After   large falls in stock markets around the world in September 2008  , the German government stepped in to assist the  mortgage  company  Hypo Real Estate   with a bailout which was agreed on October 6, with German banks to contribute € 30 billion and the  Bundesbank   € 20 billion to a credit line.  [44]
October 4, 2008, a Saturday after the   Irish Government   's decision to guarantee all deposits in private savings accounts, a move she strongly criticized,  [45]   Merkel said there was no plans for the German Government to make même.Le day, Merkel stated that the government would guarantee private savings account deposits, after all.  [46]   However, two days later, October 6, 2008 it appeared that commitment was simply a political move that would not be covered by the legislation.  [47]  Other European governments eventually either raised the limits or promised to guarantee savings in full.  [47]


India

Merkel and   Indian   Prime Minister   Manmohan Singh   made ​​a "Joint Declaration" emphasizing the Indo-German strategic partnership in 2006.  [48]   It is at the center of future cooperation in the areas of energy, science and technology, and défense.Une similar statement signed during the visit of Merkel   India   in 2007, noted the substantial progress made ​​in the Indo-German relations and has set ambitious goals for their development in the future.  [48]   The relationship with India on the basis of cooperation and partnership was further strengthened with Merkel's visit to India in 2011. At the invitation of the Indian government, the two countries held their first intergovernmental consultations in  New Delhi  . These consultations have established a new standard in the implementation of the strategic partnership, as India became only the third non-European countries with which Germany has had this kind of extensive consultations.  [48]   India has become the first   Asian   country to hold a joint cabinet meeting with Germany during the state visit of Merkel.  [49]
The Indian government introduced the   Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding   for the year 2009 in Merkel. A statement issued by the Government of India stated that the award "recognizes his personal devotion and enormous efforts for sustainable and equitable development, good governance and understanding and the creation of a world in a better position to face the new challenges of the 21st century. "  [48]

Failure of multiculturalism


Merkel in March 2010 in   Unna  ,  North Rhine-Westphalia
In October 2010, Merkel at a meeting of young members of her conservative Christian Democratic Union party (CDU) in   Potsdam   that attempts to build a   multicultural   society in Germany had "utterly failed",  [50]   stating: "The concept that we are now living side by side and are happy about it does not work "  [51]   and that "we feel attached to the Christian concept of man, this is what defines us." Whoever does not accept which is in the wrong place here.  [52]   She continued to say that immigrants should integrate and adopt the culture and values ​​of Germany. This has added to a growing debate in Germany  [53]   on the levels immigration, its effect on Germany and the degree to which Muslim immigrants have integrated into German society.

Approval

In the middle of his second term, Merkel's approval plummeted in the country, resulting in heavy losses in state elections for her party.  [54]   A poll in August 2011 found her coalition with only 36% support compared to a rival coalition which had 51%.  [55]  However, it has been successful in its handling of the crisis in recent euro (69% rated his performance as good rather than poor), and his popularity reached an all-time record of 77% in February 2012.  [56]

CABINETS

The   first cabinet of Angela Merkel   was sworn in at 16:00   CET  , 22 November 2005.
October 31, 2005, after the defeat of his favored candidate for the position of Secretary General of the SPD,   Franz Müntefering  said he would resign as party chairman in November, which he did. Ostensibly responding to this,   Edmund Stoiber  (CSU), who was initially appointed to the post of economy and technology, announced his withdrawal on 1 November 2005. While this was initially seen as a blow to Merkel's attempt at forming a viable coalition and cabinet, the manner in which Stoiber withdrew earned him much ridicule and severely undermined his position as a rival Merkel. Separate conferences of the CDU, CSU and SPD approved the proposed Cabinet November 14, 2005
The   second cabinet of Angela Merkel   was sworn in on October 28, 2009.  [57]

PERSONAL LIFE

In 1977, Angela Kasner married physics student Ulrich Merkel, changing its name. The marriage ended in divorce in 1982. [58]   Her second and current husband is quantum chemist and professor   Joachim Sauer  , who has largely remained out of the spotlight of médias.Ils met in 1981,  [59]   became later married and a private December 30, 1998. torque  [60]   She has no children, but Sauer has two adult son from a previous marriage.  [61]   Merkel is known to dislike dogs.  [ 62]   She is an avid   soccer   fan and has been known to play both matches at Bundestag and frequent games of the   national team   in his official capacity.  [63]  [64]

AWARDS

National awards and medals

Honorary Doctorate

Other Awards
  • In 2006, Angela Merkel was awarded the   Vision Award Europe   for his contribution to greater European integration.
  • She was awarded the   Charlemagne Prize   (Charlemagne Prize) for 2008 for distinguished services to European unity.  [74]  [75]
  • In March 2008 she received the B'nai B'rith Europe Price of Merit.  [76]
  • Merkel has exceeded   the Forbes magazine  list of the "s"  100 most influential women in the world  "in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2013.  [77]
  • New Statesman   named Angela Merkel in "50 most influential people" in 2010.  [78]
  • On 16 June 2010, the   American Institute for Contemporary German Studies   at   Johns Hopkins University   in Washington DC awarded Chancellor Merkel its   Global Leadership Price (AICGS)   in recognition of her outstanding dedication to strengthening German-American relations.  [79]
  • On September 21, 2010, the   Leo Baeck Institute  , a research institution in New York dedicated to the history of Jews in German, awarded Angela Merkel the   Leo Baeck Medal  . The medal was presented by former Secretary of the Treasury and current Director of the Jewish Museum Berlin, W. Michael Blumenthal, who cited Merkel's support of Jewish cultural life and the integration of minorities in Germany, the United States.  [80]
  • May 31, 2011, she was awarded the   Jawaharlal Nehru Award   for the year 2009 of the   Indian government  . She received the award for international understanding.  [81]
  • On 28 November 2012 she was awarded the Heinz Galinski Price in Berlin, Germany.

COMPARISONS

As a policy from a woman   center-right   party is also a scientist, Merkel has been compared by many in the English-language press to former  British Prime Minister   Margaret Thatcher  . Some have referred to her as "  Iron Lady  "," Iron Girl ", and even" The Iron Frau "(all alluding to Thatcher, whose nickname was" The Iron Lady "Thatcher also had a degree Science: a degree from the University of Oxford Chemistry). Political commentators have debated the precise extent to which their agendas are similar.  [82]   Later in his tenure, Merkel acquired the   nickname   " Mutti  "(from a German familiar form of 'mother') said by   Der Spiegel   to refer to an idealized mother figure in the 1950s and 1960s.  [83]   It has also been called the "Iron Chancellor", referring to   Otto von Bismarck  .  [84]
In addition to being the first female German chancellor, the first to represent a Federal Republic of Germany, which included the former East Germany (although she was born in the West and moved east a few weeks after birth when his father decided to return to East Germany as a Lutheran pastor  [85]  ), and the youngest German chancellor since the Second World War, Merkel is also the first born after World War II, and the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic with a background in natural sciences. She studied physics predecessors studied law, business or history or were military officers, among others.
Forbes   named him the second most powerful person in the world as of 2012.  [86]

CONTROVERSY





Merkel has been criticized for being personally present and involved at the M100 Media Award transfer  [87]   to Danish   cartoonist   Kurt Westergaard  . This happened at a time of strong emotion debate in Germany over disparaging remarks about Muslim immigrants made ​​by the former   Deutsche Bundesbank   executive   Thilo Sarrazin  .  [88]   The   Central Council of Muslims in Germany  [89]  [90]  and Left Party  [91]   ( Die Linke  ) as well as the   German Green Party  [92]  [93]   criticized the action of the center-right chancellor. The   Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung   newspaper wrote: "This will probably be the most explosive moment of his chancellor far".  [94]   Others have praised Merkel and called it a brave and bold move for the cause of freedom expression.
Merkel's position towards controversial about Thilo Sarrazin regarding Arab and Turkish people played a crucial role in the whole. According to his personal statements, Sarrazin's approach is "totally unacceptable" and against-productive to the current problems of integration.  [95]
Members of his cabinet and Merkel also supports the expansion of religion classes in public schools to include courses on Islam. [96]  [97]  [98]  [99]

REFERENCES

  1. ^   Langguth, Gerd (2005).   Merkel   (German) Munich. DTV. p.50.   ISBN   3-423-24485-2  . "Merkel wollte Betonung immer mit der auf dem 'e' Angela genannt werden. (Merkel always wanted to pronounce his name with the accent on the" e ")."
  2. ^   "Curriculum vitae: Angela Merkel"  . Federal Press and Information Office  . Accessed February 21, 2012  . "Since 2000 President of the Christian Democratic Union ..."
  3. ^   "Angela Merkel of Germany starts new term" . BBC. October 28, 2009.   Archived   from the original October 31, 2009  .Accessed on 1 November 2009  .
  4. ^   "Can economic crisis Merkel Fix Europe"  .   NPR . Accessed May 15, 2012  .
  5. ^   "the world's most powerful" Angela Merkel "woman  .   The Daily Telegraph   (London). August 24, 2011.
  6. ^   "Profile Angela Merkel"  .   Forbes  . April 18, 2012  .Accessed September 11, 2012  .
  7. ^   Langguth, Gerd   (August 2005).   Merkel   (German). DTV. p.10.   ISBN   3-423-24485-2  .
  8. ^   "Merkels Vater gestorben - Ends abgesagt"   (in German).newsecho. September 3, 2011  . Retrieved September 8, 2011 .
  9. ^   "Merkel was vorbildlich Mutter ist"  .   Welt Online (in German). September 26, 2008  . Accessed July 31, 2010  ."Nein, SPD in der ich bin nicht mehr".
  10. ^   associated, the (15 March 2013).   "Prime Minister of Poland contributes to Angela Merkel correctly say the name of his Polish grandfather"  . Montrealgazette.com  . Accessed May 14, 2013  .
  11. ^   "Familiengeschichte der Kanzlerin - Merkel hat polnische Wurzeln"  .   Süddeutsche Zeitung   (in German). March 13, 2013  . Retrieved March 13, 2013  .
  12. ^   Langguth, Gerd (August 2005) [2005].   Merkel   (German).Munich. DTV   ISBN   3-423-24485-2  .
  13. ^   "Die Schläferin"   (in German).   Der Spiegel  . November 9, 2009  . Accessed August 19, 2011  .
  14. ^   "Glänzend in Physik der mäßig in Ideology"   (in German). Der Spiegel  . January 31, 2010  . Retrieved June 7, 2010  . "" Nach meiner Erinnerung Kultursekretärin.Aber war ich denn ich was Weiss? Ich Glaube, wenn ich bin 80 weiß ich gar nichts mehr ", sagt sie."
  15. ^   Langguth, Gerd   (August 2005).   Merkel   (German). DTV. p.50.   ISBN   3-423-24485-2  .
  16. ^   "Drogenwahn auf der Dauerbaustelle"  .   Spiegel   (in German). March 27, 2009  . Accessed August 19, 2011  .
  17. ^   Merkel, Angela (1986).   Untersuchung of Mechanismus von Zerfallsreaktionen einfachem Bindungsbruch und mit ihrer Berechnung Geschwindigkeitskonstanten auf der Grundlage quantenchemischer statistischer und Methoden (Investigation on the mechanism of decomposition reactions with the single bond breaking and the calculation of their rate constants on the basis of quantum chemical methods and statistics)   (in German). Berlin Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic (dissertation). quoted in   Langguth, Gerd (August 2005).   Merkel   (German). Munich: DTV. p. 109.  ISBN  3-423-24485-2  . and listed in the catalog of the German National Library in object code 30 (Chemicals)
  18. ^   Langguth, Gerd (August 2005) [2005].   Merkel   (German).Munich: DTV. pp. 112-137.   ISBN   3-423-24485-2  .
  19. ^   "The Altkanzlers mahnende Worte"   (in German). Zeit Online. 2010-10-01  . Retrieved on 2011-08-19  .
  20. ^   "Kohls unterschätztes Mädchen"   (in German). Spiegel Online. 2005-05-30  . Retrieved on 2011-08-19  .
  21. ^   "Merkel fordert längere Arbeitszeit"  .   Der Spiegel   (in German). May 18, 2003  . Accessed August 27, 2011  .
  22. ^   "Merkel's nuclear exit is false"  .   News nuclear world  . June 10, 2008.   Archived   from the original July 14, 2011  . Accessed August 27, 2011  .
  23. ^   Marlies Casier and Joost Jongerden, ed.   nationalism and politics in Turkey   (2010) p 110
  24. ^   "German Chancellor Merkel called"  .   BBC News  . October 10, 2005  . Accessed August 27, 2011  .
  25. ^   "German parties back new coalition"  .   BBC News .November 14, 2005.
  26. ^   "German Chancellor Merkel is"  .   BBC  . November 22, 2005.
  27. ^   "German coalition ready for power"  .   BBC  . November 11, 2005.
  28. ^   "Merkel defends German reform plan"  .   BBC  . November 12, 2005.
  29. ^   "Merkel met with the Dalai Lama"  .   Euronews  . Accessed March 2, 2010  .
  30. ^   "Enterprise policy"  . European Council  . Accessed September 11, 2012  .
  31. ^   "Jean-Luc Mélenchon:" The future transatlantic market "" April 21 2009 Dailymotion..  Accessed September 11, 2012.  .
  32. ^   "Speech by Jean-Luc Mélenchon on defense"  . Dailymotion.April 4, 2012  . Accessed September 11, 2012  .
  33. ^   "They do not get any hot" Merkel faces tough talks in Washington "  .   Spiegel  Accessed March 2, 2010.  .
  34. ^   "A Trans-Atlantic demonstration of friendship: Obama praises his" friend Chancellor Merkel "  .   Spiegel  Accessed March 2, 2010.  .
  35. ^   "dependence on Russian gas worries some - but not all - European countries"  .   The Christian Science Monitor  . March 6, 2008  . Accessed August 23, 2011  .
  36. ^   Klitschko, Merkel discuss prospects for signing the EU-Ukraine Association  ,   Kyiv Post   (December 5, 2012)
  37. ^   "German Chancellor visits Israel"  .   The New York Times  .March 16, 2008  . Retrieved September 3, 2011  .
  38. ^   Roger Boyes, Berlin (18 March 2008).   "German Chancellor Angela Merkel strengthens ties for 60th Israel" .   The Australian  . Accessed March 2, 2010  .
  39. ^   "friends in high places"  .   economist  . March 19, 2008  .Retrieved September 3, 2011  .
  40. ^   "Gallery: Merkel wants Israel Happy 60th"  .  Spiegel  . March 17, 2008  . Retrieved September 3, 2011  .
  41. ^   MacIntyre, Donald (13 March 2008).   "radical Israelis" come out "when Merkel addresses Knesset in German"  .Independent   (London)  . Retrieved September 3, 2011  .
  42. ^   "Merkel: Israel must stop building settlements,"  Jewish Federations.  . Accessed May 15, 2012  .
  43. ^   Keinon, Herb (31 January 2011).   "PM, Merkel openly disagree on the colonies"  .   JPost  . Accessed May 15, 2012  .
  44. ^   Parkin, Brian,. Suess, Oliver (6 October 2008)   "Hypo Real Gets EU50 billion bailout led by the government"  .   Bloomberg . Retrieved October 6, 2008  .
  45. ^   "Germany guarantees all private bank accounts"  .  Forbes  .Archived from   the original   October 6, 2008  . Retrieved October 6, 2008  .[  dead link  ]
  46. ^   Whitlock, Craig (6 October 2008).   "Germany to guarantee private bank accounts"  . Washington Post  . Retrieved October 6, 2008  .
  47. ^   a   b   "Bank uncertainty hits UK equities"  .  BBC  . October 6, 2008.  Archived   from the original 2008 October 7  . Accessed October 6, 2008  .
  48. ^   a   b   c   d   "Germany and India - Celebrating 60 years of diplomatic relations"  .   India  . Accessed September 17, 2012 .
  49. ^   "Angela Merkel to India to meet the firm seal"  .   The Times of India  . May 31, 2011  . Retrieved September 8, 2011  .
  50. ^   "Merkel says German multicultural society has failed"  .  BBC . October 17, 2010.
  51. ^   [1]  [  dead link  ]
  52. ^   "Zentralrat der Juden kritisiert Seehofer: Debatte ist und scheinheilig hysterisch"  .   Südwestrundfunk   (German) Retrieved October 21, 2010.  . "Wir fühlen each dem christlichen Menschenbild verbunden, das ist das was one ausmacht. Wer nicht das akzeptiert, der ist bei uns fehl am Platz"[  dead link  ]
  53. ^   "The debate on immigration in charge of Germany"  .   BBC .17 October 2010  . Retrieved 2011  .
  54. ^   Pidd, Helen (21 February 2011).   "Angela Merkel's party crashed in Hamburg poll"  .   Guardian   (London)  . Accessed August 23, 2011  .
  55. ^   "German opposition hits 11-year high in the polls"  .  France24  . August 5, 2011  . Accessed August 23, 2011 .
  56. ^   "Union dank Merkel im-Umfrage Aufwind"  .   Stern  .February 10, 2012  . Accessed February 12, 2012  .
  57. ^   Penfold, Chuck (2009-10-30). Merkel's new cabinet sworn Deutsche Welle, October 30 2009.Consulté on 2009-11-01 from   DW-world.de.
  58. ^   "Biography: Angela Merkel, geb 1954."  DHM.  Accessed March 2, 2010.  .
  59. ^   "Joachim Sauer, a Merkels Seite das Phantom"  .   Die Zeit(in German). August 14, 2009  . Accessed June 11, 2010  .
  60. ^   "Das Glück diskrete"  .   Bild   (in German). December 28, 2008  . Accessed June 11, 2010  .
  61. ^   . Klatell James M (9 August 2006)   «First Fella of Germany, Angela Merkel is the Chancellor of Germany, but her husband remains in the shadows"  .   CBS News  . Retrieved March 2, 2010  .
  62. ^   The shocking Mr. Schockenhoff
  63. ^   "Angela Merkel im Fussballfieber"  .   development   (in German). March 15, 2013  . Retrieved March 24, 2013  .
  64. ^   "Kanzlerin Merkel kommt erst wieder zum Finale"   (in German). Handelsblatt. June 23, 2012  . Retrieved March 24, 2013 .
  65. ^   "Bundesverdienstkreuz für Merkel"  . tagesschau  . Accessed March 2, 2010  .[  dead link  ]
  66. ^   Russell among the 15 recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom  . NBA (18 November 2010). Accessed April 18, 2011.
  67. ^   "Executive Order 11085"  . Wikisource  . Accessed 1 April 2011  . "The Medal may be awarded by the President as provided in this order any person who has made ​​an especially meritorious contribution to (1) the security or national interests of the United States, or (2) world peace, or ( 3) public or private efforts important cultural or other. "
  68. ^   "Honorary Doctorates"  . The Hebrew University of Jerusalem  . Accessed March 2, 2010  .
  69. ^   "Pressemitteilung 2008/106 der Universität Leipzig"   (in German). Universität Leipzig. May 20, 2008  . Accessed March 2, 2010  .
  70. ^   "Doktorat honorary dla Merkel Rzeczpospolita"   (in  (Polish) ). RP. September 24, 2008  . Accessed March 2, 2010  .
  71. ^   Universitatea Babes-Bolyai  . Web.ubbcluj.ro. Accessed April 18, 2011.
  72. ^   Angela Merkel PRIMIT titlul of Doctor Honoris Causa al Universitatii Babes-Bolyai  . Realitatea. Net (12 October 2010). Accessed April 18, 2011.
  73. ^   Cancelarul Germaniei Angela Merkel PRIMIT titlul of Doctor Honoris Causa al UBB Cluj | Romania Libera  Accessed April 18, 2011.
  74. ^   "Charlemagne Prize 2008: Angela Merkel"  . Aachen  .Accessed March 2, 2010  .
  75. ^   Karlspreis.de  (German)
  76. ^   John P. Reeves.   "B'nai B'rith Europe grants of Merit to DR. Merkel"  . B'nai B'rith Europe. "... Dr. Angela Merkel Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany has been the recipient of a gold medal for outstanding service, B'nai B'rith Europe Price merit being the highest honor BBEurope"
  77. ^   Serafin, Tatiana (31 August 2006).   "The 100 Most Powerful Women: # 1 Angela Merkel"  .   Forbes  .   Archived   from the original April 19, 2009  . Accessed May 1, 2009  .
    Serafin, Tatiana (30 August 2007).   "The 100 Most Powerful Women: # 1 Angela Merkel"  .   Forbes  .   Archived   from the original April 30, 2009  . Accessed May 17, 2009  .
    Serafin, Tatiana (27 August 2008).   "The 100 Most Powerful Women: # 1 Angela Merkel"  .   Forbes  .   Archived   from the original April 19, 2009  . Accessed May 17, 2009  .
    . Serafin, Tatiana (19 August 2009)   "The 100 Most Powerful Women: # 1 Angela Merkel"  .   Forbes  . Accessed August 20, 2009  .
    "Merkel most powerful woman in the world: Forbes"  . Euronews  . August 26, 2011  . Retrieved December 19, 2011  .
  78. ^   "Angela Merkel - 50 people who matter 2010"  .   Archivedfrom the original October 2, 2010  . Accessed September 29, 2010  .
  79. ^   "Chancellor Angela Merkel received the Global Leadership Award"  [  dead link  ]
  80. ^   Baeck, Leo. (22 August 2010)   LBI Leo Baeck Medal presented to Chancellor Angela Merkel | Leo Baeck Institute, New York  . Leobaeck Institute Accessed April 18, 2011.
  81. ^   "Angela Merkel receives the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding"  .   ABC  . June 1, 2011  .Accessed November 16, 2011  .
  82. ^   risen Clay (5 July 2005).   "Angela Merkel is the next Maggie Thatcher?"  .   Slate  .
  83. ^   Kurbjuweit, Dirk (11 March 2009).   "The dream of a place in history Merkel"  .   Spiegel  .
  84. ^   "The new Iron Chancellor"  .   The Economist  . November 26, 2009.
  85. ^   Langguth, Gerd (August 2005).   Merkel   (German) Munich. DTV. p. 10.   ISBN   3-423-24485-2  .
  86. ^   "Most Influential People in the World"  .   Forbes  . Accessed January 4, 2012  .
  87. ^   "Merkel honors Mohammad cartoonist at the cost of the press"  .  Reuters  . 8 September 2010.
  88. ^   The debate Sarrazin: Germany is Becoming Islamophobic Spiegel.. Accessed April 18, 2011.
  89. ^   BBC: Central Muslim Council of Germany (Zentralrat Muslime der in Deutschland) criticized Merkel to attend the awards ceremony. September 8 2010.Un spokesman ZMD, Aiman ​​Mazyek, told public broadcaster Deutschlandradio that the Chancellor has honored someone "who in our eyes launched our prophet, and thus began all Muslims." He said Westergaard give the price of a "very busy and heated" was "very problematic."
  90. ^   "Merkel honors the Danish cartoonist Kurt Westergaard Muhammad"  .   BBC News  . September 8, 2010.
  91. ^   DIE LINKE: Merkels affront gegen Muslime  . Die-linke.de.Consulté April 18, 2011.
  92. ^   Grüne / 90 Bündnis spokeswoman Renate Künast: "I would not have done," said Green Party floor leader Renate Künast It is true that the right to freedom of expression applies equally to the comic. she says. "But if a chancellor is also a speech on top of that, it is used to heat the debate."
  93. ^   Award for Danish Muhammad cartoonist: Merkel defends freedom of the press, condemns Koran burning  Spiegel..Accessed April 18, 2011.
  94. ^   Ehrung of Mohammed Karikaturisten Angela Merkel Risiko - Integration - Paper  . Faz.Net (8 September 2010). Accessed April 18, 2011.
  95. ^   (German)   Merkel: Sarrazin spaltet Gesellschaft   N24 News. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  96. ^   REGIERUNGonline - Islamunterricht a Schulen Bundesregierung (17 May 2009).. Accessed April 18, 2011.
  97. ^   (German)   Islam-Unterricht | Aktuelle News, Hintergründe und Bilder auf  . Stern. Accessed April 18, 2011.
  98. ^   (German)   Bundesregierung: De Maiziere dringt Islam auf-Unterricht a Schulen - Nachrichten Politik - Deutschland - WELT ONLINE  . Accessed April 18, 2011.
  99. ^   Integration: Schäuble und Muslime planen Islam-Unterricht a deutschen Schulen  . Spiegel. Retrieved April 18, 2011.

REFERENCES

  • Bolgherini, Silvia; Grotz, Florian, eds. . (2010)   Germany after the Grand Coalition: Governance and policy in a turbulent environment . New York:. Palgrave Macmillan   ISBN   978-0-230-62285-2  . Studies of the "Grand Coalition" of 2005-09 and the first Merkel government.
  • Mills, Cliff (2008).   Merkel  . New York:   Chelsea House  .   ISBN   978-0-7910-9496-9  .

EXTERNAL LINKS

Learn more about   Angela Merkel   on Wikipedia   's sister projects
Definitions and translations   from Wiktionary
Media   common
Educational resources   from Wikiversity
Quotes   Wikiquote
Source texts   from Wikisource
Manuals   Wikibooks
Political offices
Preceded by  Ursula Lehr
Minister for Women and Youth
1991-1994		Managed by  Claudia Nolte
Preceded by  Klaus Töpfer
Minister of the Environment
1994-1998		Replaced by  Jürgen Trittin
Preceded by  Gerhard Schröder
Chancellor of Germany
2005-present		Holder
Party political offices
Preceded by  Peter Hintze
Secretary General of the Christian Democratic Union
1998-2000		Managed by  Ruprecht Polenz
Preceded by  Wolfgang Schäuble
Leader   of the Christian Democratic Union
from 2000 to today		Holder
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by  Vladimir Putin
Chair of the G8
2007		Replaced by  Yasuo Fukuda
School Offices
Preceded by  Jerzy Buzek
Speaker at the   College of Europe   Opening Ceremony
2010		Replaced by  Giorgio Napolitano
Control Authority

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